Why Should Minimum Wage be Raised or Why Not - 546 Words

Raising minimum wages is a contestable issue because it is debated in wide and varied audiences. Minimum wage is near the top of economists’ interest; they are looking for the connection between low wages and poor job markets. Each country sets its own laws and regulations regarding wages. For this reason, it has significant importance to policy makers and workers in each of those respective countries. Social activists have also found interest in the topic due to the fact that those who earn a minimum wage tend to come from poor minority families. Furthermore, the average American should have the strongest interest in the conversation because most citizens have been paid a minimum wage at some point in their life. Due to this fact, the idea of a significant federal minimum wage increase in America is open for debate specifically to rejuvenate the job industry, improve living conditions for citizens, and strengthen the economy as a whole. Minimum wage is currently the standard for the lowest wage a worker can earn that is acceptable within the American society. The earliest debates began in 1938 when President Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act that promoted â€Å"a minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency, and general well-being, without substantially curtailing employment† (â€Å"The Renewed Debate†); it was embraced by workers but opposed by upper level businessmen claiming it would hurt the economy. The debates have continued through the years with aShow MoreRelatedWhy The Minimum Wage Should Be Raised?1410 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica raised the minimum wage to $7.25. However, six years later the minimum wage rage remains the same. It is time once again for the federal government to raise the minimum wage to spur the economy. Raising the minimum wage would help the American economy and the daily life of the citizens for a variety of reasons. The first topic is that it not only would help the people but i t also would help the economy as a whole. The second topic is that companies are already raising the minimum wage becauseRead MoreWhy the Minimum Wage Should Be Raised1379 Words   |  5 Pageseight dollars an hour? Well, many minimum wage jobs involve such duties as these. However, the minimum wage here in Illinois is only $8.25 per hour (US Dept. of Labor, 2014). In Indiana, the state where I work, it is a dollar less than that (US Dept. of Labor, 2014). The following information will discuss reasons why this wage should be increased and the benefits that accompany an increase for all of us regardless to whether we earn the minimum wage or a higher a wage. According to the National EmploymentRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Raised1395 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society, minimum wage is an issue. It’s whether or not it should be raised or lowered. This interests almost everyone due to the fact that everyone wants to make money and the amount should reflect the work and skills that are put in. The minimum wage is a major antijobs policy. First things first, the minimum wage buys a lot less than it used to. Only Congress can adjust the federal minimum wage, and it doesn’t necessarily increase with inflation. As a result, its buying power has diminishedRead MoreShould Minimum Wage Be Raised?1062 Words   |  5 Pagesever pressing question regarding Minimum wage. Not many subjects can ignite a controversy as quickly as that of whether or not minimum wage should be raised, or by how much should it be raised or if it should remain the same. What is minimum wage? By definition, minimum wage is the minimum hourly wage an employer can pay an employee for work. (â€Å"MinimumWage.com†) America’s minimum wage was first introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938. That minimum wage was introduced as part of the FairRead MoreMinimum Wage Persuasive Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesmore than the federal minimum wage? If you said yes then perhaps you are unaware of the many negative effects surrounding a higher minimum wage and after reading this you will be educated on why the minimum wage should not be raised. In the beginning, the minimum wage was created with good intentions. It was originally established in 1938 and was $.25 an hour (Sessions). It was created to make sure that businesses would not take advantage over workers. While the minimum wage was and still is a goodRead MoreBenefits of Raising the Minimum Wage Essay614 Words   |  3 Pageswho works year-round is less than $16,000 (about $15, 080) according to the current federal minimum wage (Rebuilding). To put into retrospect how out-dated the federal minimum wage is, consider that the mi nimum wage of 1956 amounted to exactly $7.93 in 2009 (Henderson). How progressive is it that our nation’s workers being paid less today than workers from the 50’s? The federal minimum wage should be raised in order to assist families out of poverty, to ensure the effort and loyalty of workers, andRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Raised935 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage is an ongoing debate in the United States. There are some people who think that it should be raised to a higher rate and others who think that it should not. There are many different pros and cons with raising minimum wage. Minimum wage is at a balanced rate that should not be raised due to lack of skill, low education, and economic problems. Jobs that require minimum wage are created for young adults who are in college or high school. They are to help one get one on their feet so thatRead MoreMinimum Wages During 21st Century America1649 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Wages in 21st Century America In the United States the time has come for the next president to be elected and the political fervor has come early this year with an unconventional, surprisingly interesting primary race. With the coming of a new commander in chief the incessant grilling of the candidates has begun and issues, such as poverty in the United States, are being given the national spot light during debates. The issue of poverty has recently gained traction among citizens as wellRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesRoyer Political Science 120 7 November 2016 Increase Minimum Wage Introduction The United States’ minimum wage has been a concerning issue amongst the low wage earners because of the amount they earn is not enough for them to live on their own. Therefore causing the citizens who earn minimum wage to have an impossible time finding a place to stay and expenses for daily survival. Increasing the minimum wage will solve the issues that the minimum wage earners make, thus increasing the chances of survivalRead MoreThe Consequences Of Raising Minimum Wage1354 Words   |  6 Pagesof Raising Minimum Wage Many minimum wage workers are pushing for an increase in the lowest amount that they can legally get compensated per each hour worked. When it comes to raising the minimum wage, people do not take in consideration all the things that could happen as a result of it being increased. Raising the minimum wage could have a disastrous effect on businesses that have a large amount of unskilled workers. These businesses would have to increase not only their minimum wage workers but

Gender Roles Free Essays

Gender role is a term used in the social sciences and humanities to denote a set of behavioral norms that accompany a given gendered status (also called a gender identity) in a given social group or system. (WHO, 2011) Gender roles are seen everywhere, everyday. There are many different ways to look at gender roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Defining the terms that help you completely understand gender roles is necessary. Delving into the family aspect of gender roles gives you a better grasp on the different family structures and how they are used in daily life. We are used to the traditional gender roles in everyday America, but have you ever thought about the gender roles in different cultures? This paper will define different terms to help you better understand gender roles, look into the family aspect of gender roles, and looking into different cultures and how they are different from ours. Sometimes it is hard to understand exactly what is meant by the term â€Å"gender†, and how it differs from the closely related term â€Å"sex†. â€Å"Sex† refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. While â€Å"gender† refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes a given society considers appropriate for men and women (WHO, 2011). To put it another way, â€Å"male† and â€Å"female† are sex categories and â€Å"masculine† and â€Å"feminine† are gender categories. Aspects of sex will not vary substantially between different human societies, while aspects of gender may vary greatly. Sex characteristics are very different from gender characteristics. Some examples of sex characteristics; women menstruate while men do not, men have testicles while women do not, men generally have more massive bones than women do. Now, some examples of gender characteristics; in the United States women generally earn less money than men, in Saudi Arabia men are allowed to drive while women are not (WHO, 2011). Can you tell the difference now? Your sex does not determine what gender you are. The way they are determined in the family setting can be drastically different depending on which family structure you belong in. There are four essential types of family structures. The first is the nuclear family that can be defined as a family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological or adoptive descendants, often called the traditional family. The second structure is the single parent. The single parent structure consists of the mother or the father and the child and/or children. The third type of structure is the extended family, which is two or more adults from unlike generations of a family, who share a household. The fourth and final structure is the childless family. The childless family is a group of people from all variety of backgrounds and all lifestyles who, for whatever reason, have never had children (Shelton, 2010). Depending on the family structure you grew up in, it could have long-term effects on your gender role attitude. In the single-parent structure, the parent has to fulfill both gender roles in the family. Research has confirmed that people raised by single parents tend to be more androgynous, as well as more mature and independent (Schenck, 2009). They learn from seeing their parent take on both roles. In the extended family, there are many generations of a family living under the same roof. In an extended family, there are many advantages, such as the big support structure. The big support structure has a strong influence in many facets of life (economic, social, emotional, and psychological). Talcott Parsons goes into detail with the nuclear family structure and the types of gender roles that can play out. In 1955, Talcott Parsons developed a model of the nuclear family. It compared a strictly traditional view of gender roles (from an industrial-age American perspective) to a more liberal view (Discovery Media, 2011). The Parsons model is used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of gender roles (Skolnick, 1995). How to cite Gender Roles, Essay examples Gender Roles Free Essays Gender Analysis Essay Gender Roles? What Gender Roles? Throughout the endless generations and societies of the world the idea of gender roles can be found in each and every single one. Every human being, in their own time and own way, has had an image drilled into their head as to how the roles of each gender should be played out. On the outermost surface there are two distinct and recognizable types of gender naturally being male and female. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, that truly is only the surface as there are many types of gender roles either a male or a female may choose to, or be forced into assuming throughout their lives. Society uses whatever image it chooses in order to convey what it thinks the gender roles should be at the time and is very capable of controlling the way people think, act, and behave. However, our generation as well as the last few generations have had the interesting experience of living in a society in which long established gender roles are being challenged more and more everyday. We are deciding as a people that we are far more interested in being individuals then simply going along with the stereotypes set forth by society. My family, in which my father is responsible for the majority of cooking and cleaning while my mother is the main breadwinner and financial overseer, seems to be a perfect example of the new trend along which society is moving and the new opportunities and ideas that are becoming a reality when it comes to gender roles in society. Everyone knows the long and stereotypical list of jobs that guys do and jobs that girls do as well as the different toys that each are supposed to play with when they’re little. We all also know how the boy that plays with dolls and the girl that plays with trucks gets treated when they’re little. Seemingly, neither one of these things has really changed at all up until today, but why then does the idea of gender roles seem to be diminishing every single day? Personally, I believe it has almost everything to do with your family and the people that you are surrounded by at a young age. They’re the ones who dress you, decide what school you go to, what friends you hangout with, even what food you eat. They take the small clay ball that is you as a baby and begin to try and form it into what they (in many cases what society) want it to be. For me, this was not so much the case. Every Sunday morning I would roll over in my bed to the sound of the vacuum cleaner humming up and down the hallway or the mop squeaking along the kitchen floor. Once I finally was able to pull myself out of bed and drag my way up to the kitchen table I was greeted by a plate stocked full of eggs bacon and pancakes all drowned in steaming maple syrup. If you were to ask almost anybody who it was making these noises and preparing this delicious meal they would undoubtedly say it was my mother. But they would be wrong. While my dad was busy cleaning and making breakfast, my mom was in her office starting on her work for the day, or filing taxes or balancing the checkbook. See, in my house, the term gender role was a very confusing one seeing as how it had a different meaning there then almost everywhere else. I would go to all my friends houses and see their dads, coming home all dirty and sweaty from work, cracking open a cold one while their moms would be scurrying around in an apron tidying things up and pulling hot buttery rolls out of the oven right before dinner. It never really dawned on me at such a young age though that the differences between my home and my friend’s home were so significant and that I truly have a different life because of these differences. To be completely honest, I have never really thought about the way in which experiencing gender roles in such a reversed way (thus perhaps not experiencing them at all) has actually affected me and the way in which I act. However, thinking about it now, there are definitely aspects of my life and personality that are different due to the circumstances under which I was raised. Most importantly, I think that growing up in a household in which all the gender rules were broken has allowed me to be much more open to new people, places, and things. Gender is more likely than not the very first thing you notice about someone. You use it as a basis for almost all of the forthcoming judgments you will make about someone based on things such as what they’re wearing, how they talk, where they work, what they eat. A person’s gender decides so much about them in they eyes of an observer, the only problem being many of those things may not even be true. Growing up ith the idea that men and women can fulfill whatever role they choose both within the home and outside of it has caused me to be a much less judgmental person. This is because if you take gender out of the equation it eliminates such a large portion of what you would judge a person on that you don’t judge them at all. Realizing something as simple as the fact that men can stay at home and cook and clean and women can work hard and be in charge of money allows you to realize that you actually have to talk to a person and get to know them before you really known anything about them, you can’t just take things at face value. Had I grown up with the stereotypical patriarchal family I have no doubt that I would be a different person. For every child that does grow up with one of these families, the roles assigned to each gender are becoming more and more solidified. Every parent that buys their little boys baseball gloves and a plastic tool box and their girls an easy-bake oven and doll house is simply placing another brick in the ever growing wall of gender roles and we are still, to this day, witnessing the negative effects these gender roles are having on our society. Men still dominate most higher up positions while women still receive lower wages then men in many cases. It’s a little crazy to think that something as simple as what toys you give your children to play with are contributing to the development and growth of gender discrimination isn’t it? So many people may be asking, what toys should my kids play with? Well, growing up I sure didn’t play with dolls or easy bake ovens, I also played with trucks and superhero action figures and baseball gloves. The difference is in the context in which I was playing with these toys. I was playing with my hot wheels while watching my dad scrub the bathroom floor and hitting baseballs through the window of my mom’s office while she was making major family decisions. It was being able to see the full spectrum of what both males and females could do that allowed me to never get sucked in to the idea of gender-designated roles. I hate to sound as if I’m bragging or over prideful when I say this but I feel as though it is family environments such as the one I was brought up in that are allowing for cracks to be formed in that brick wall of gender roles. Trying to teach people about true gender equality and cooperation when they’re already grown up and have had 30 or so years of â€Å"teaching† from the rest of society is something that is very hard to do. In Amy Truong’s essay, â€Å"Gender Expectations and Familial Roles Within Asian American Culture† she talks about how her ideas of gender roles were also formed at a very young age, â€Å" Within Asian culture, women are raised and taught to be silent and obedient†¦growing up I was told, ‘Do not comment or speak up,’ whenever I wanted to voice my opinion. My opinion was considered unimportant. And for many years of my life I believed that this was true. † It is clear that within our own culture, Asian culture, and more than likely every culture of the world, you are truly taught about gender roles within society as a small child when you don’t have the ability to teach yourself and thus you simply take what is given to you. Thus, I strongly believe that gender roles are specifically established within the first years of each new generation. They are then solidified throughout your childhood and teenage years and by the time you are an adult your beliefs about gender and society are already more than decided. This generation, now grown up, will pass down the exact same beliefs and ideals about gender to their children and the perpetual circle of assigned gender roles and discrimination against the non-conformists continues. Growing up with an alternate view of gender roles has allowed me to understand that we can change the old and out dated idea that because you’re a woman you stay at home with the kids and because you’re a man you bring home the paycheck. In almost all cases, excluding some jobs involving physical labor, women are more than capable of doing the exact same jobs men do, and in many cases a better job. Similarly, men are capable of doing all the same jobs commonly held by women. All it is, is a state of mind that has been so instilled in the heads of society that we have all but lost the will to change it. We are all created equal, it is a statement on which America was founded, but perhaps it should instead become a statement by which America actually lives. How to cite Gender Roles, Papers Gender Roles Free Essays Genders role between men and women are always present through history. During the 1930’s the time when this story takes place, men are usually the ones working for the money, and performing all the hard labor, while women are supposed to do all the house work, and behave in a polite manner. In the story â€Å"Boys and girls† by Alice Munro the protagonist struggles with societies ideas of how a girl should be. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now This story is about a girl who prefers helping her father with chores on the field as opposed to helping her mother in the kitchen. As the story progresses her mentality changes as she starts caring about what she wears, how her hair looks, and doesn’t protest being called a girl. The relationship between men and woman in this story conveys how men see woman as inferior based on what roles society places on them. An incident showing how men see woman as inferior was shown when the mother said to the father † Wait till Laird gets a little bigger, then you’ll have a real help†. This conveys that men in this society can perform physical labor better than women. The mother tries to plot ways into getting the girl to help her around the house. Even though the girls doesn’t like helping around the house the mother believes that is what women should be doing. This relates back to what the mother said to the father, because she believes the girl is incapable of helping in the farm. Also shows how the mother fills the roles set for women in this society, and wants to enforce these roles onto the girl. Another incident was when the girl was thinking to herself. She said â€Å"A girl was not, as I had supposed, simply what I was; it was what I had to become†. This statement shows how her mentality was changing throughout the story. At first she was confident and happy helping her father out on the farm. The girl then became unsecure because of all the chatter circulated by her mother to other people, and the constant emphasis of what a ‘girl’ should be. This shows how woman in this society are inferior from the point of view of not only men, but also woman such as the mother. Another incident was when the girl could have shut the gate on the horse â€Å"Flora†, but instead she let the horse run away. When the father found about her letting the horse go from Laird he was frustrated at first, but then commented â€Å"She’s only a girl†. This further emphasizes the reality of how ‘girls’ are seen in this society. The girl felt free from guilt through her father’s tone of voice when he commented about her being only a girl. The girl at this point didn’t protest being called a girl, and thought it was possibly true. The father’s use of words conveys the overall perception of how men felt women in that society. Furthermore gender roles in this story gives a overall view of what men and woman should perform in society. The men in this story are the one working on the farm, and performing all physical labor. The woman such as the mother in this story performs all the kitchen work. These roles are enforced into the girl and also her brother Laird throughout the story. The emphasis of how male see woman as inferior is present from beginning of the story to end through many incidents. How to cite Gender Roles, Papers Gender Roles Free Essays The â€Å"long held stereotype of the typical family† has become a thing in the past. More and more do we see both men and women seeking work outside of the home in order to provide a stable household? In today’s society, a woman who stays home is often considered as lazy or useless, which is far from true according to the long held stereotype. Although men and women have had a history of pushing boundaries and breaking free of their specific gender roles in the past, our people as a whole haven’t learned from these courageous examples. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, there are traditional ways in which our children are molded from long held ideals which have survived throughout many years and continue to segregate men and women apart. Certain occupations and many careers continue to devalue women and glue them as far away from greater opportunities. The media has also become the biggest influence in pushing men and women to conform to their gender appropriate roles. As a child, we are raised by the ideals and beliefs that our family and for many generations have considered to be important. Such ideals include children identifying their sex and determining what is considered to be appropriate for their gender. For example, toy stores are typically segregated, often seeing the boy toys separated from the girl toys. The color trend is also apparent in which blue is identified with boys and pink will quickly be assumed for a girl. Boys are also burdened by a secret code, which is commonly titled as the â€Å"Boy Code†. The Boy Code is a somewhat strict set of rules in which they are expected to be rough, independent and rather emotionless. On the other hand, parents tend to be cautious around young girls because they don’t expect them to be any of those manners. Typically girls are given the approval to be vulnerable, gentle and clumsy. Women are definitely taught that they live in a male dominated society. Education provides very little detail of how women have contributed to history and employers continue see less value in a woman than in a man. Women are constantly cheated from what they deserve; especially women who earn less for the same job as her male counterpart. Not only do jobs lack equal promotional opportunities for women as well, institutions make it hard for a woman to keep her job or get one. For example, a mother is typically the first person a school or a daycare center will contact in regards to her child. Also, it is frequently the mother who stays home from work to care for a sick child or an ill relative. These expectations and obligations pushes women to conform to society’s gender roles. The media is all around us from billboards, magazines, commercials and the internet, the media is wherever we go. The media continues to enforce specific gender roles and it is by far the strongest enforcement. For example, in commercials that pertain to cooking and cleaning products, women are often employed to model the product’s use. Secondly, young girls are rarely seen playing with action figures or toy cars on television as well. Not only are women being taught on what is considered to be gender appropriate, but men are too. Men are often portrayed to be masculine in most types of media. Commercials frequently show a dozen women swooning over a man with body spray or handing a man a beer when he is doing something inappropriate for his gender. The â€Å"long held stereotype of the typical family† seems to be a practice that no longer exists. Although many families have strayed from this idea, it continues to be desired. Times have progressed and our people have changed as well. Our people seem to have seen it all, from the end of women’s suffrage to the United States’ first black president. Unfortunately, our progress as a union hasn’t guaranteed equality to men and women. Children are continued to be raised by the ideals that have survived through the male dominated eras, work institutions devalue their women colleagues and the media subconsciously steers us towards gender appropriate roles. How to cite Gender Roles, Papers Gender Roles Free Essays Gender Roles Gender roles are affected by the typical roles society expects both men and women to fit into because they determine how we should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. Whereas I believe that men and women should be who they want to be. Society has many expectations on men; men are supposed to be brave and stronger than woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now An article on The Social Roles of Men and Women states â€Å"It is not enough for a man to be male; he also has to appear masculine. † People believe that men should be bold, strong, and powerful but that’s not always the case. Men should act the way they want! Just because society or their parents expect them to be masculine doesn’t mean they have to. Another example from The Social Roles of Men and Women adds â€Å"Traditionally, fathers teach boys how to fix and build things. † I’m sure everyone expects men to teach their sons how to fix or build things. Some fathers don’t even follow this concept with their sons. Sometimes when these kids grow up and don’t know how to build or fix things there are looked at differently as if they are worthless. Moreover from a different article Gender and Society says â€Å"Men have always been afraid that women could get along without them. † This quote is basically stating that men think that women can live without them, when in reality they can. Men are afraid of this because they believe that women should stay home, keep the house clean and have dinner waiting for them once they come back from work. Men shouldn’t be afraid that women can be independent; I think it’s great that women can be independent and not rely on anyone but themselves. Society also has many expectations on women too; women are usually looked at as being nicer than men. The article The Social Roles of Men and Women says â€Å"A woman, in addition to being female, must also be feminine. † Society believes that all women should be beautiful, smart, and lovely. I believe that all women are beautiful the way they are; they don’t have to try their best to look their best because having a beautiful heart is what really matters. Everyone in this world is smart in their own way so people in society need to stop judging because both men and women are smart. Another example from The Social Roles of Men and Women claims that â€Å"that women are naturally passive. I strongly disagree with this statement because women are definitely not lifeless and inactive. We women are very active and independent now a days. We support and raise our children without men. The last example is one that Thandie Newton mentioned â€Å"[We assume] that the self is an actual living thing, but it’s not. It’s a projection which our clever brains create i n order to cheat ourselves from the reality of death. † Newton shows us how she believes that society does have an effect on gender roles because she says our†self† is something created by our brains and ultimately society. Although men and women have different expectations in society, they both are affected by typical roles society expects them to live by. For example in the article Gender and Society it states â€Å"costume, a mask, a straitjacket in which men and women dance their unequal dance. † I think this quote is telling us that gender is not real because it’s saying gender is a â€Å"costume†. Also when the quote says â€Å"dance their unequal dance† it means that no matter if you’re a man or woman, they both are unequal. The last example from Gender and Society tells us â€Å"For instance, men and women who feel that they do not fit the masculine and feminine stereotypes, or who resent them as too restrictive, may also develop ambiguous feelings about their biological sex. † I believe that people shouldn’t care about what society expects from them. Just because men are supposed to be masculine and women are supposed to be feminine doesn’t mean you don’t fit in. You should not be confused about your sex because all that matters in the end is that you’re happy for the real person you are not the fake person you’re trying to be to fit in. To conclude gender roles are affected by the typical roles society expects us to fit into because they determine the context of society. Society has many expectations on men and women. Men are looked at as being strong, powerful, and bold; whereas women are looked at as being clean, smart and lovely. Although men and women have different expectations in society we should not care about what society thinks and care about what we think. Men and women should be able to be who they want to be! Not someone they don’t want to be. MLA â€Å"Gender and Society: A Matter of Nature or Nurture? Gender and Society: A Matter of Nature or Nurture? N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. http://www. trinity. edu/mkearl/gender. html. â€Å"The Social Roles of Men and Women. † The Social Roles of Men and Women. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. http://www2. hu-berlin. de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/the_social_roles_of_men_and_wo. html. â€Å"Thandie Newton: Embracing Otherness, Embracing Myself. à ¢â‚¬  TED: Ideas worth Spreading. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. http://www. ted. com/talks/thandie_newton_embracing_otherness_embracing_myself. html. How to cite Gender Roles, Essay examples

Administrative Intelligence-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Intelligence Agencies are new but Intelligence is as old as time. How has Intelligence changed over time and what, if anything, about it has remained the same? Answer: There is no gain stating the obvious fact that human intelligence, since the inception of mankind, has experienced a steady evolution over a course of thousand years. The general intelligence of any individual is defined as his ability to acquire as well as to apply his knowledge in life, foreseeing the possible outcome, and adopting necessary strategies to fulfil or combat the same. With the advent of technology and scientific advancement, the intelligence acquisition method has also largely improved with time, and with the presence of spy agencies and smart thinking robots, the transformation of intelligence architecture has undergone a rapid, profound transformation. However, while scientific advancement has facilitated the invention of new machines and robots that have helped in the development of various branches of intelligence science such as cognitive science, artificial intelligence and brain science it should be remembered that the origin of intelligence can be traced back to 100 years (Mitra and Liebig 2017). As the most powerful advisor and popular dictator in the court of Chandragupta Maurya, Kautilya was the ultimate realist and famous pragmatist, whose eminent political treatise Arthasastra, intended to enlighten a wise king how best to govern and administer the empire, in the most discreet way. Although the treatise concerning itself with war and diplomacy seems to be most relevant at a time of empires and kingdom, it should be remembered that Kautilya still remains relevant in todays world. As one of the greatest and most popular political books of the ancient world, written back around the time of 300 BCE, Arthasastra remains highly relevant today. This widely read and well-received treatise is the source of wisdom and intelligence even in the 21st century, and needless to state that his ideas of a welfare state, economic policies and administrative reforms, good governance as well as foreign trade are even applied today. Before explaining how Kautilya remains relevant even today, when one seeks to define intelligence, it is important to see how has intelligence evolved and progressed over the ages. In many aspects the political intelligence in present world aligns with the concepts in Kautiliyan Arthashastra. According to Gautam (2013) the concept of punishment and discipline in the political system, the manner of appointment of ministers in 21st century aligns with the Kautilyas principles. Kautilya elucidated the method of recruitment of councilors, spies, priests, envoys and how to protect princes and educate them. Further, Arthashastra also highlighted how to keep the treatment of the prince under restrain. It explained the role and duties of the king towards state in detail, the personal safety of king and duties of king towards female quarters. In present world the recruitment of ministers based on certain educational qualifications and team of professionals hired for their protection and perso nal safety can be traced back to Kautilyas Arthashastra (Shoham and Liebig 2016). It can be concluded that todays political environment to a great extent is governed by the Kautilyasprinciples. Intelligence in present is as old as time although the intelligent agencies are new. As per Liebig (2014) Arthashastra emphasise on keeping the conduct of the ministers and prince under confinement. It is the concept of vijigisu, where the king takes the responsibility to defend the state. Its application in present day can be related with the Obamas overarching strategy in tracking Osama bin Laden, the leader of al Qaeda in Afghanistan. The strategies used by Obama to protect the state were confined and were disclosed only to operation team. Gautam (2013) studied the relevance of Kautilyasprinciples in modern India. First evidence of political intelligence originating from these principles in India comes from Jawaharlal Nehru studying Kautilya Arthashastra in Prison. Other evidences were given by the current President Pranab Mukherjee and NSA Shivshankar Menon who are discursively engaged with Kautilyasthoughts. It gain indicates that the intelligence is as old as time. In contempor ary Indian life, the symbolic representation of Kautiliyan thought in street names and names of educational institutions is found. The political strategic documents do not explicitly refer to Kautilya. It is argued that the latent presence of these principles in present day politics and primary socialisation due to its affinity with epics like Mahabharata. In Asia many countries like India are striving for great power status. The contemporary politico-strategic challenges in India seem to reuse the past as the political activities since 1947 appears to demonstrate, Kautilyan-realist learning curve. Not only India but the manner in which Japan, Germany, US and other countries are establishing the international relationships depicts the behaviour that aligns with the concept of Rajamandala theory in the Arthasastra. In this aspect the political intelligence has remained same (Warner 2014). On the contrary, the intelligence was also found to change overtime in some other aspects. The sixth book of Arthashastra deals with the seven factors of a commonwealth, which act as a source of the circle of kingdom. It is called the saptagna theory (Gautam 2013). The factors include the country, the minister, the king, the friend, the treasury, and the army. These factors also make the ideal of a well organised state in present world. This fact is less realised due to greater emphasis on political theory and thought put forward by Plato and Aristotle. Thus may have brought the deviation of modern day intelligence from the ancient time. There are seven constituent elements of the statecraft. However, only four of these elements are used in the western conception of state. In many western countries the concept of economy is the basis of state is missing. In Arthasastra, this aspect is considered an important constituent of the state (Goria 2017). The western discourse on peace finds military security as the precondition. On the other Indian discourse emphasise on establishing peace without the primacy of military hardware. Unlike India, the western thinkers do not consider peace as both means and the end. In western countries, peace is considered a goal that can be attained by having a high degree of military self-reliance. The war and conflict in the world is due to this fallacy of belief. Even Kautilya does not highly focus on the importance of military for state. It gives equal importance to all the seven constituents, where each one of them is interdependent (Crosston 2016).). The concept of war among neighbouring countries still exist today which accords to Warner (2014) may be misinterpretation of theory. It is argued that most people misinterpret this theory as considering neighbouring states as enemy and enemy of an enemy as friend (Shoham and Liebig 2016). In this aspect it can be argued that the official thinking in India is not influenced by the Kaut ilya Arthasastras foreign policy theories. However, many countries in west Asia follow its tenets in a serious fashion. It appears from the above discussion that intelligence is old as time in many aspects. It has evolved from the Kautilya Arthasastra. In present world this however differs from the Arthasastra in many aspects. It can be concluded that the Kautilyasprinciples are relevant in present times just like in ancient times. It continues to be relevant and may remain so in future generations. However, there is a need of great amount of scholarship because the world is changing dramatically and it is difficult to establish the relevance to Kautilyas work in terms of the present day intelligence completely. Kautilya has provided a detailed description about the responsibilities and duties of the king, ministers and the other state officials. Kautilya has also provided a detailed commentary on the state's political administration. He has explained how the political administration can be effectively undertaken and managed. He also gave instructions about the defense of the boundaries of the state, protection of the forts and the ways in which the infiltration of the enemies can be handled effectively. The Arthashastra of Kautilya differentiates legal issues into criminal and civil matters and gives importance over the specific guidelines for administering justice in terms of evidence, witness and procedures. Moreover, Kautilya strongly preached dignity. However, he maintained that the penalties must be fair and proportionate to the offence that has been committed. This principle of Kautilya is relevant even today's scenario because the need for comprehensive and sound administration for t he state has been uplifted by the propensity of the strong to flout the law and to perform the same repeatedly (Gautam 2013). A government can only be acknowledged as good if it is administered in a structured manner. Kautilya suggested that good governance must dodge any kind of extreme decisions and extreme actions. According to him, soft and the harsh actions must be taken accordingly depending on the prevailing circumstances. According to him, sovereignty is only practicable when there lays co-operation with others. He also preached that the administrative measures are required to be taken only after proper deliberations (Singh 2012; Liebig 2013). In present case political scenario, enemies are no longer a state actor but a non-state actor like terrorist so using a spy as stated by Kautilya is a good strategy to ascertain the motive of the enemies. Kautilya advocated of utilizing women as a weapon of war. He regarded women as source of sexual satisfaction for the enemies of the troops, participating in the war. According to him, women are a powerful addiction and a king must use them against an enemy (Prabhu and Dwivedi 2015). He proposed to use women as a source of assassination and thereby creating dispute among the enemies. Thus the prospective enemies end up killing each other as a result of lust against ravishing women. Kautilya also proposed to use women as spy (Vittal 2011). Women promised pleasure to the king or the higher authorities of the opposing enemies and at the time of the climax, the enemies would end up revealing their secret game plan to these women spies. These spy women then inform the same to the emperor, helping them to combat the attack of the enemy tactically (Vittal 2011). This game plan in warfare of using women is relevant in present day scenario as well. United States and United Kingdom intelligence agencies promote recruitment of female staffs and target middle-aged women for these jobs. However, the reason behind the use of the women as a spy in the political warfare has changed its perspective. Now-a-days, in the era of feminism, women are no longer treated as a symbol of sex or objectified as a symbol of sexual desire. On contrary women are recruited on the basis of high emotional intelligence and to create work place diversity (BBC News 2017). They now are provided with more flexible work environment in order to provide them career support and to encourage more women to join the council of foreign intelligence (Bhadu and Singh 2012).Kautilya believed that the heredity troops are more dedicated when comes to patriotism than that of hired troops. In other words, troops consisting of men born in the same kingdom are claimed to remain loyal to the king. However, this concept of Kautilya though stands strong on the psychological grounds but fails to stand out in present day socio-political scenario. Now the countries are separated as developed, developing or third world countries. With the advancement of the concept of outsourcing, increase in population, need for cheap labor and increase in the number of detention refuges, the developed countries are now using the citizens of the third world countries as the soldiers of war fare. For example, more than 100, 00 people of Iraq are working on a contractual basis with the United States Department of Defense. Two of the most common out sourced militant troops of US is Black water and Armor group. However, there are reports that these private armies are working as security agents in the day time and serving as terrorist at night, thus once again proving Kautilya's hypothesis as a true statement (Sihag 2017). A far-sighted visionary that Kautilya was, it is no wonder that his political treatise has withstood the test of time, and has proved to be crucial and useful in framing the administrative and military reforms of the present era. It is important to note how the Western thinkers and sociologists had expressed various views and ideas regarding political administration that had already been shared by Kautilya in Arthasastra. It should be remembered that Arthasastra spoke of practical realism, rather than mere political philosophy as spoken by Plato and Aristotle. It should be noted that although the Prince written by Machiavelli is also a remarkable political treatise, advising a king to follow steps that would help him in perpetuating his rule, Arthasastra is different as it enlightens one about how to create a sustainable, and productive state. This is precisely the reason why the ideas expressed in Arthasastra are even relevant today. The German sociologist Max Weber is always praise d for his theory of Bureaucracy, where he propounded that the key to running an efficient and highly productive state is to create a government administration system run, controlled and managed by the departments staffed with the non-elected officials, that will ensure maximum transparency and integrity in action (Malhotra 2014). Weber believed that organized hierarchies can only ensure the most efficient and rational form of administration and this systematic process of administration will only help in maintaining order as well as maximizing efficiency. Since the 18th Century, the international political system has witnessed a modern form of bureaucracy, whereby the inefficient and unfair practice of tax farming as was prevalent at earlier times, soon got replaced by an organized method of tax collection, whereby the Exchequers being enrolled to raise taxes, by exerting control over the system of tax revenue and government expenditure (Gautam 2013). Further, by the advent of 20th c entury, bureaucratic form of administration became highly popular amongst all the nations, with the public sector of almost all the countries employing over 5% of its workforce for working for the government. It is no wonder that some of the greatest critics and theorists of all time, such as J.S Mill has claimed that most of the successful monarchies of the world were based on the notion of bureaucracy, and he stated the chef reason behind the success of bureaucracy lies in the fact that its representatives are chosen solely on the basis of appointment, rather than direct, unfair election (Smith 2016). However, although the term bureaucracy is a recent one, coined in the 18th century only, Kautilya had already spoken about the importance of exercising control on the people of the state, even on the importance of creating a spy-network to keep surveillance over the whereabouts of the officials, and the ultimate aim behind the same was fair and transparent administration. Further, it is important to note that Kautilyas maxims of administration already included features such as hierarchy, defined competence of each office, selection and appointment of employees by merit, promotion by seniority-cum-merit, compensation, training and discipline, which were later being discussed by Weber. However, it should be remembered at present, many countries are trying to shift focus away from bureaucratic system of administration, and make their ways towards privatization, as the former is often being accused of paralysing individual initiative resulting in stagnation, while the latter allowing sufficient room for progress and improvement (Gautam 2013). Hence, considering the problem of suppressed creativity, many countries are however moving away from bureaucracy. However, even today in many countries, bureaucracy is the most acceptable form of public administration. Though it is a less acknowledged fact, but the mass surveillance policy of the government is of indispensible importance in smoothly administering a nation. In order to ensure national security, and offer protection to the residents of a country from the terrorists, the government of various countries has also initiated various surveillance programs. For example, only a very few days back, the US government was in news for collecting highly confidential data from the phone logs and Internet data from millions of Americans as part of its mission to keep the United States safe, and with the advent of technology, the domestic spying technique has already reached another level. However, it is less known a fact that Kautilyas Arthasastra had already spoken about the importance of mass surveillance program, considering it to be a key component of any efficient administrative system. Kautilya sternly believed that the spies should keep a close eye on the high officials of the country to exa mine their loyalty and commitment towards the government, as well as the citizens of the country to know their reaction towards the abilities and competence of the administrator. Kautilya believed that this would help the ruler gain comprehensive knowledge about the functioning of the administrative staffs as well as the loyalty of the employees working there (Kumar 2016). At present, in order to tighten up the vigilance system, the government of many countries is not only monitoring the whereabouts of its people through recording systems, but also monitoring and evaluating the performance of the government representatives by installing CCTV cameras in office rooms as well as across the streets. A large number of mass surveillance programs as carried on by the government of various countries such as BULLRUN (USA), Magic Lantern (USA), GhostNet (China), Frenchelon (France) make use of advanced technology, including commercial software such as NarusInsight, that helps in instant ident ification of the culprits, or flaws in the system, and as a system is much more time-saving and effective (Tanwar 2014). However, all these government bodies, while monitoring the internet and telephone communication or supervising staff performance, are necessarily employing the use of the time-tested statecraft intelligence designed by Kautilya in his Arthasastra. One of the most impressive aspects of Arthasastra is its detailed account of the importance of effective fiscal management, which alone can ensure the creation of a highly productive and financially sound nation. At present, the economists believe in increasing the tax base as it is the only way of creating more assets on the tax rolls (e.g., new or improved business properties, homes, and rental properties) to spread the cost of operations across more entities (Murthy and Rooney 2016). There is no gain stating the fact that this will result in more money to enhance government-funded community features that in turn can add to higher quality of life. However, this is not a new concept, and such scientifically proven techniques have already been discussed by Kautilya as he was the first one to advocate that the tax base should be increased, rather than the tax rate. An efficient and financially sound fiscal management policy was initiated by Kautilya who deeply believed that the functi on of a ruler or an administrator is to collect sufficient taxes to sustain the kingdom, rather than collecting too much tax that end up overburdening and destroying its people. Further, it is equally important to note here that Arthasastra was the first book that spoke about the importance of creating distinct tax structures for people belonging to different financial backgrounds, whereby the wealthy persons should always pay higher tax than the poorer people (Manrai and Goel 2017). At present, the tax policy of the government of all the countries is completely based on this idea, whereby the federal tax rate is based on the income level of the citizen, and exemption is provided to an employee earning below a certain level. Unlike former times, when the ruler of a kingdom followed a set of administrative rules and policies, duly communicated to the ministers, at present a well-written constitution states the laws of the country, and lays forth the roles and responsibilities of the government and each of its representatives in serving the nation. Although a well-written Constitution is a unique addition to this, it is important that the essential content of the Constitution of most of the countries is derived from Kautilyas Arthasastra. First of all, akin to the function of the President in todays administration, Kautilya stated that the functions of a king are to act as the military, legislative, executive and judicial head of the State. At present, most of the economists speak of the importance of a Welfare State, and yet it is important to note that Kautilya was the first one to have stated that the king was like the Father and all the people or subjects of his country were his children. That is how h e is supposed to take care of them. Again, it is no less important that the three important internal issues for the ruler to attend, as mentioned in Arthasastra are: Rakshawhich literally implies the kings duty to protect life and liberty within his state; Palana that states the kings commitment to ensure national law and justice; and, Yogakshema or to ensure absolute welfare of the people. In todays world, as absolute monarchy has got replaced by democracy, these three characteristics are found to be subsumed in the constitutions of all modern states in the form of preservation of Life, Liberty, Justice, Equality and Property. Kautilyas Arthasastra was composed long back in the year of 321 BCE, and yet it has not lost its relevance, as the oldest and most exhaustive political treatise enlightening the modern administrators on a variety of issues, right from diplomacy, war and peace, to military statecraft and political intelligence. As a classical work of political theory, Arthasastra has kept on shedding light on important military policies and administrative systems that have helped countries to improve the art of their governance. It is indeed important to state that much of the scientific management concepts of todays world is indebted to this book of 15 chapters, 380 Slokas and 4968 Sutras. Reference List: BBC News.,2017.UK spy agencies 'recruiting more women'. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36396069 [Accessed 26 Oct. 2017]. Bhadu, S. and Singh, A.V., 2012 Governance Morals: In Perspective of Kautilyas Arthashastra. krishisanskriti.org Crosston, M., 2016. Bringing Non-Western Cultures and Conditions into Comparative Intelligence Perspectives: India, Russia, and China.International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence,29(1), pp.110-131. Gautam, P.K., 2013. Relevance of Kautilya's Arthasastra.Strategic Analysis,37(1), pp.21-28. Gautam, P.K., 2013.One Hundred Years of Kautilya's Arthasastra(No. 20). Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Goria, S., 2017.Methods and Tools for Creative Competitive Intelligence. John Wiley Sons. Kumar, A., 2016.The Arthasastra: Assessing the Contemporary Relevance of an Ancient Indian Treatise on Statecraft. US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth United States. Liebig, M., 2013. Kautilyas Relevance for India Today.India Quarterly,69(2), pp.99-116. Liebig, M., 2014. Statecraft and Intelligence Analysis in the Kautilya-Arthashastra.Journal of Defence Studies,8(4), pp.27-54. Malhotra, D., 2014. Kautilya: The True Founder of Economics by Balbir Singh Sihag. Manrai, R. and Goel, U., 2017. Stakeholders' Welfare and Arthashastra: Learning for Modern Business Management.Purushartha: A Journal of Management Ethics and Spirituality,9(2). Mitra, S.K. and Liebig, M., 2017. Kautilyas Arthashastra: an Intellectual portrait. The Classical Roots of Modern politics in India. Nomos, 2016. 469 p. ,8(2). Murthy, V. and Rooney, J., 2016. The Role of Management Accounting in Ancient India: Evidence from the Arthasastra.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-19. Prabhu, K.V. and Dwivedi, L.D., 2015. A Brief Comparison on Espionageand the Importance of Spies between Kautilyas The Arthashastra Sun Tzus The Art of War.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(6 S4), p.544. Shamsastry, R., 2016. Kautilya's Arthashastra. Shoham, D. and Liebig, M., 2016. The intelligence dimension of Kautilyan statecraft and its implications for the present.Journal of Intelligence History,15(2), pp.119-138. Sihag, B.S., 2017. Kautilya and Machiavelli on Justice, Prosperity and National Security.Economics Letters,7, pp.381-397. Singh, N.K., 2012. Arthashastra of Kautilya and Management. InEastern and Cross Cultural Management(pp. 27-43). Springer India. Smith, F.M., 2016. King Governance and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra. A New Annotated Translation. Tanwar, R., 2014. An Analytical Study of the Relevance of Arthshastra in Modern India.IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF),5(3). Vittal, V., 2011.Kautilya's Arthashastra: A Timeless Grand Strategy. Air University School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Maxwell AFB United States. Warner, M., 2014.The Rise and Fall of Intelligence: an international security History. Georgetown University Press.

Lord of the flies Why do things start to fall apart on the island Essay Example

Lord of the flies Why do things start to fall apart on the island Paper William Golding foreshadows mans destruction of the island from the beginning chapter of the book. A large scar was made in the untouched jungle, symbolizing the first of mans destruction on the island. The description of the island makes it sound like paradise, however the fruits make the children sick, which shows that not everything is so perfect here. Even thought they are only children they started by setting rules and following order, which might make readers think that it wouldnt turn out so bad after all. However disagreements arise from the start. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½I ought to be chief, said Jack with simple arrogance, because Im chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp. This shows the early signs of the tension between Jack and Ralph, and it also shows Jacks pride. They elect a leader, Ralph, who could think rationally and who talks about getting rescued. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the flies Why do things start to fall apart on the island specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the flies Why do things start to fall apart on the island specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the flies Why do things start to fall apart on the island specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Right from the start Jack took possession of hunting. He wanted his people to hunt and wanted to be their leader. Jack wanted to control people and make them do what he wants from the start. At the end of chapter one we read of Jacks first attempt to kill a pig. While his first attempt fails, his quote next time foreshadowed his future of savage hunting. By now things look promising on the island because they have everything they need to survive and have also organized themselves. They also make new rules. we cant have everybody talking at once. Well have to have hands up like at school. This shows that they still stick to rules and find them very useful. One of the first signs of things deteriorating is the mentioning of the beastie, and what seems strange is that Ralph, the leader and sensible one of the lot laughs at the little boy and does not listen to him. The rising action starts in the middle of chapter 2 where the boys attempt to make a signal fire but it rages out of control. Rules are all abandoned at the mention of making a fire and chaos over takes. This leads to the death of one of the kids which shows that rules will be broken again later on in the book and it wont stop at the death of one kid accidentally. After this, order is slowly lost and chaos slowly takes its place. When Piggy asks to talk and takes the conch Jake doesnt care. The conch represents law and order and when Jack disregards it, it shows that he will disregard all rules later on in the book. Jack also shows signs of belligerence when he argues with Ralph about the signal fire, and claims that The conch doesnt count on the mountain! At chapter three Jack is hunting and is acting very much like a predator hunting its prey. When he meets Ralph and Simon he doesnt even notice the huts theyve tried very hard to build. The explanation he gives for not helping them is we need meat. Jack is solely concerned with hunting, and cannot see the necessity of other things that can keep them live. Killing a pig has being an obsession for Jack. This shows that slowly Jack is drifting away from society and is loosing his innocence.

Free Essays on Beethoven

The rise of Ludwig van Beethoven into the rank of history’s greatest composers was paralleled by and in some ways a consequence of his own personal tragedy and despair. Beethoven’s family was of the Flemish origin. His mother, Maria Magdalena, died after a long illness when Beethoven was only 17. He was not the only child in this family though. He had 2 brothers and 1 sister, both to which were disorganized and unruly. His family was always in constant need of funds. Beethoven showed his extraordinary musical talent at an early age. His father hoped he could induce his child’s development and make him more like Mozart, and possibly bring in some money for the family which was desperately in need. As a child, Beethoven never was too interested in music even though he had the talents. Both his father and grandfather were experienced musicians and wanted him to be one also. At the age of four, Beethoven’s father began to teach him the violin and piano, but wasn’t successful in doing so because of his addiction to alcohol. His training was soon taken over by his father’s friend, Pfeiffer, but also, because of alcoholism, his lessons were just as irregular as before. Later, his grandfather’s friend taught him until he resigned in 1781 and Beethoven’s tuition was taken over by Van der Eeden’s successor, Christian Neefe. This man was not only a good teacher, but also a friend. Beethoven’s first composition was published in 1783. Then, in 1784 he attained his first independent position of a court organist and violinist, and in 1787 he was sent to Vienna to study. Here, he had the opportunity to play for Mozart who liked the work of Beethoven and told his friends â€Å"Watch that young man.† Beethoven studied with a man by the name of Joseph Haydn, but it didn’t work for very long because they couldn’t get along. He began to study with other teachers and soon became very popular in Vienna. Some were pleased with h... Free Essays on Beethoven Free Essays on Beethoven Many of you out there know about the famous composer Ludwig van Beethoven. Many of you do not know, however, about his father’s drinking problem or his hearing loss. That’s why I am here. I am here to present my information I found on Ludwig van Beethoven. Ludwig van Beethoven was born on December 17th 1770 (although some sources say the 16th) in Bonn, Germany. His mother and father had five children although only three boys survived and Beethoven was the oldest of the three. His family was from Brabant, which is in Belgique. Beethoven’s father was a musician at the Court of Bonn, but he a severe alcohol problem. His mother was very kind and loving all the time. Even at an early age, he Beethoven showed an interest in music and his father, because he was a musician, taught him all day and night. His father knew he had a gift and hoped that he would become a new Mozart. His father did not know then but his hopes and dreams would later become a reality. At the age of eight, Beethoven gave his first known public speech. Here’s an interesting side note: His father told the crowd he was six and from that point on, he believed he was two years younger than he actually was. In 1782, at the age of twelve, Beethoven published his first work: 9 Variations, In C Minor, for Piano. At the age of fourteen, he was appointed organist in a very high class social gathering site. After that, he started supporting the family and he felt responsible for his tow younger brothers. He cared for them the rest of his life. Ludwig van Beethoven got to meet one of his idols, Mozart, in 1787 in Vienna. Vienna was a city that cared a lot about culture and music. Beethoven had to go back to Bonn, however, in July of 1787. He received a letter from his family that his mother was dying; she died on July 17th, 1787. He was very sad because he had had a very special relationship with his mother. He then began taking lessons from some ver... Free Essays on Beethoven The rise of Ludwig van Beethoven into the rank of history’s greatest composers was paralleled by and in some ways a consequence of his own personal tragedy and despair (Internetpg. 1). Beethoven’s family was of the Flemish origin. His mother, Maria Magdalena, died after a long illness when Beethoven was only 17. He was not the only child in this family though. He had 2 brothers and 1 sister, both to which were disorganized and unruly. His family was always in constant need of funds. (The World1963) Beethoven showed his extraordinary musical talent at an early age. His father hoped he could induce his child’s development and make him more like Mozart, and possibly bring in some money for the family which was desperately in need. (The World-1963) As a child, Beethoven never was too interested in music even though he had the talents. Both his father and grandfather were experienced musicians and wanted him to be one also. At the age of four, Beethoven’s father began to teach him the violin and piano, but wasn’t successful in doing so because of his addiction to alcohol. His training was soon taken over by his father’s friend, Pfeiffer, but also, because of alcoholism, his lessons were just as irregular as before. Later, his grandfather’s friend taught him until he resigned in 1781 and Beethoven’s tuition was taken over by Van der Eeden’s successor, Christian Neefe. This man was not only a good teacher, but also a friend. (The World-1963; Sally Patton-pg.73) Beethoven’s first composition was published in 1783. Then, in 1784 he attained his first independent position of a court organist and violinist, and in 1787 he was sent to Vienna to study. Here, he had the opportunity to play for Mozart who liked the work of Beethoven and told his friends â€Å"Watch that young man.† (Sally Patton-pg.73). Beethoven studied with a man by the name of Joseph Haydn, but it didn’t work for very long because they couldnï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Beethoven The rise of Ludwig van Beethoven into the rank of history’s greatest composers was paralleled by and in some ways a consequence of his own personal tragedy and despair. Beethoven’s family was of the Flemish origin. His mother, Maria Magdalena, died after a long illness when Beethoven was only 17. He was not the only child in this family though. He had 2 brothers and 1 sister, both to which were disorganized and unruly. His family was always in constant need of funds. Beethoven showed his extraordinary musical talent at an early age. His father hoped he could induce his child’s development and make him more like Mozart, and possibly bring in some money for the family which was desperately in need. As a child, Beethoven never was too interested in music even though he had the talents. Both his father and grandfather were experienced musicians and wanted him to be one also. At the age of four, Beethoven’s father began to teach him the violin and piano, but wasn’t successful in doing so because of his addiction to alcohol. His training was soon taken over by his father’s friend, Pfeiffer, but also, because of alcoholism, his lessons were just as irregular as before. Later, his grandfather’s friend taught him until he resigned in 1781 and Beethoven’s tuition was taken over by Van der Eeden’s successor, Christian Neefe. This man was not only a good teacher, but also a friend. Beethoven’s first composition was published in 1783. Then, in 1784 he attained his first independent position of a court organist and violinist, and in 1787 he was sent to Vienna to study. Here, he had the opportunity to play for Mozart who liked the work of Beethoven and told his friends â€Å"Watch that young man.† Beethoven studied with a man by the name of Joseph Haydn, but it didn’t work for very long because they couldn’t get along. He began to study with other teachers and soon became very popular in Vienna. Some were pleased with h...

Disinterested Not the Same as Uninterested

Disinterested Not the Same as Uninterested Disinterested Not the Same as Uninterested Disinterested Not the Same as Uninterested By Maeve Maddox The constant misuse of disinterested for uninterested is breaking down a very useful distinction of meaning. To be uninterested is to be lacking in any sense of engagement with the matter: Sallie is uninterested in algebra. To be disinterested is to lack bias: Let the company call in a disinterested mediator to settle the dispute. The use of disinterest as a verb should probably be avoided: Her husband tried to disinterest her in taking the course in German. Better: Her husband tried to discourage her from taking the course in German. If the person you are describing is not interested in something, use uninterested. Save disinterested for the judge. Heres a quote from a NY Times article: The passing of the old sense of interest took disinterestedness over the side along with it. Usage critics exaggerate when they lament the disappearance of the sense of disinterested that means, roughly, impartial. That meaning still accounts for a majority of its uses in the press. But disinterested isnt a word that comes up much when we try to define political virtue. Theres no place to stand thats free from what William Dean Howells called the sordid competition of interests, now that interest itself has been given so broad a charter. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherDifference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Epidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

The Comedy as a social criticism in The Cinema of Cantinflas Essay

The Comedy as a social criticism in The Cinema of Cantinflas - Essay Example The emergence of Cantinflas as an urban comedy provided a breakthrough for Mexican comedy (Hershfield, p.192). The basic theme for this comedy and all others in the time was social criticism. First, the comedy was presented in folkloric depictions that were targeting the local audience. Secondly, Mario Moreno, more popularly known as Cantinflas used a style that was well-known to the people to attract the audience he wanted to present his points. This made him popular among the Mexicans who took charge of his messages and acted on them. This paper is aimed at supporting the thesis that comedy as applied in the Cantinflas films and other Golden Age comedies in Mexico is a tool for social criticism (Shaw, p.68). Mario Moreno is a Mexican comedian is global known as the Cantinflas after his hilarious character he has portrayed in different films. He is represented in many of his films as a poor Mexican, who is overburdened by hard labor and poverty. In Ahà ­ està ¡ el detalle (There’s the Detail) (1940) he wears drooping pants that are held in position by a rope. His shoulders are free indicating that he is in a job to carry loads. This film, as interpreted by many analysts has the theme of poverty and oppression of the poor in Mexico (Hershfield, p.194). Cantinflas brings out this theme through the expression of poverty that he appears to be living in. The film criticises the social and political systems of the time that promoted the oppression of the poor in farms and their failure to help them rise from poverty. The folkloric depiction of most of the films during this time including those of Cantinflas and others like Allà ¡ en el Rancho Grande, despite providing the people with a social identity also gave them an extra thought. Most of the styles used were meant to keep away the foreigners from understanding the deeper meaning of the characterisation and the themes. This was an effort to have the Mexicans develop a home solution to

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Essay

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Why - Essay Example The giant players of this sector, the business are generated by management of the funds of the High Net-worth Individuals [HNI] clients and the big Corporate Houses. The services are obviously for a pre-determined fee which is generally structured on the basis of the returns generated by the investment bankers. In most common cases, there is a fixed portion of fee as well irrespective of the return generated by the fund managers (View, 2007 p.144). In this essay the researcher will analysis different aspects of portfolio. The theoretical background of portfolio especially risks and return is the integral part of portfolio discussion. So, here the researcher discusses this part at the first part of the essay. After that the researcher will discusses different aspects related with the portfolio i.e. CAPM Model, Long term financing, capital structure, WACC model, dividend policy and option. After discussing these aspects the researcher will summarise the whole topic and find out risk is the best judge in the portfolio context or not. Risk and Return In the terms of Investment, risk is the probability of difference between the expected returns and the actual return of investment. Since, the risk indicates the possibilities of reducing the part of initial or original investment or all amount of original investment. The risk is calculated through the standard deviation of the average or historical return of the particular investment. Presently, the market is too much volatile. So, most of the Companies are spending a large portion of time and money to develop the risk management strategies for the purpose of manages the risks attached with the business operation. On the other side, the return is the reward of taking the risk in investment. So, return indicates the loss or gain in the securities with in a particular timeframe. Portfolio Theory This is mathematical formulation which derived from the diversification concept. According to this theorem more than one inves ting assets are selected to minimise the risk of the each assets. There are two primary aspects of portfolio theory i.e. tries to minimise the portfolio risk at a certain level of expected return or to attempt to maximise the expected return of the investor at certain level of portfolio risk. Harry Markowitz was the person who introduced the idea of diversification in the year 1952. The concept of equity diversification in the international market is aimed at reducing risk, thereby maximizing the value of the portfolio. In the current market scenario, there are two views in the market that are quite competitive in nature. One of the views accept that diversification in the international equity markets have the capacity of eliminating the factor of risk involved in an investment, whereas the second view accepts that if the disturbances in an economy is specific to a country, then the diversification benefits can be achieved as a result of correlation between the markets remaining at a lower level. But in case the correlation existing between the marke

Plato and Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Plato and Aristotle Essay Plato and Aristotle both have been very influential as the ancient Greek philosophers. Aristotle was a student of Plato and there are many similarities between these intellectual giants of the ancient world but there are also many things that distinguish them from each other. Aristotle was far more empirical-minded than Plato. First, Platos philosophy relegated the material, physical world to a sort of metaphysical second class. His contention was that the abstract truths of the mind-mathematical truths, moral and normative truths about ideals-are what really matter in life and in philosophy, and that the empirical world around us consists of merely poor copies of these ideals. By contrast, Aristotle did as much or more work in what we would today call science (physics, biology, etc. ) as in what remains a part of philosophy. While Aristotle certainly did important work in ethics and related areas, he concentrated as much or more on examining the material world. Plato can be read at times as being quite disparaging of science. This is not true of Aristotle. Second, the difference in the approaches and values of these two philosophers resulted in very different political philosophies. Platos political philosophy, which can be found principally in the Republic. For him, the just state is one ruled by ascetic philosophers who have been raised from birth not to value material reward or exclusive human connections, even with their own kin. They are the ideal of wise, objective, fair-minded, ultra-rational beings. In contrast to Platos utopian political philosophy, Aristotles political philosophy, which can be found principally in the Politics, has a large component of descriptive political science. When he does argue for certain political schemes, they tend to be incremental improvements on existing systems. Like his teacher Plato, Aristotles philosophy aims at the universal. Aristotle, however, finds the universal in particular things, which he calls the essence of things, while Plato finds that the universal exists apart from particular things. Aristotle makes philosophy coextensive with reasoning, which he also would describe as science. Note, however, that his use of the term science carries a different meaning than that covered by the term scientific method. For Aristotle, all science is practical, poetical or theoretical. By practical science, he means ethics and politics; by poetical science, he means the study of poetry and the other fine arts; by theoretical science, he means physics, mathematics and metaphysics. In general, Plato is the more extravagant thinker, the thinking outside the box type who was equal parts brilliant and bizarre in his ideas. Aristotle is more the cool, logical, dry, systematic thinker whose works tend to read like encyclopedias.

Essay --

The Virgin Queen of England Elizabeth I, daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn, a reputable young queen who was only 25 years old when she earned the title The Queen of Great England in 1558. After being crowned a queen, Elizabeth started bringing success to her people and country that she had been recognized as one of the most successful and significant monarchs England ever had. Her noticeable character was engraved deep inside the history of England as a country and Europe as a continent; her mark could not have been passed by unnoticed, and it is only appropriate to bring light upon it. Early Life of Queen Elizabeth I: She witnessed her first hardship when she had been only three years old. Her father, King Henry VIII, had ongoing suspicions about her mother’s strange behaviors, for he had suspected his second wife, Anne, to be performing the dishonorable act of adultery with more than five men of the palace’s chambers, one of the suspects being her own brother, stirring out a crime of incest and linking it to Anne. He then ordered the execution of Anne on the false charges of adultery which then stripped Princess Elizabeth of her title and left her going by Lady Elizabeth instead. Since Elizabeth had been declared illegitimate, many believed that she would never obtain the title queen. Fortunately for her, fate had it differently planned it out, and she grew to be the famous Virgin Queen of England. Elizabethan Reign: Queen Elizabeth was an intelligent, courageous person. She could be described as the ideal queen of all times. Her bravery is one of the most admired traits which caused everyone in England to love her, based on her grand encounters. It was quite a popular detail of Elizabeth’s life th... ... the greatest and most powerful leaders that the world had ever known, when queen Elizabeth started to rule England, the country was already facing it’s hardest times ever, England was weak and poor more than that the army wasn’t stable and wasn’t strong enough compared to other countries and it had a very weak government, but just few weeks after she started to rule England, everything had changed for good, and things that she could have made it in years she did it only in few weeks , by having all the support and love of her people she was able to push Britain on top of every country to be one of the most powerful and feared countries, queen Elizabeth was one of the most effective rulers she didn’t just effect history but she also effected great writers and explorers, that without her being there England will never be known as much as it is in history right now. â€Æ'

Tensions in Villette

Tensions in Villette Villette is a narrative that seems constantly at war with itself, fraught with tensions of reason versus feeling, nature versus art and reality versus imagination, as I will attempt to illustrate. Lucy is anything but a one dimensional character and it throughout the novel, her emotional growth is charted. The important elements in the narrative seem to resist a one-sided reading. Read in context, perhaps Bronte recognizes that in the Victorian world, tensions of the aforementioned impinge upon and are all shaped by one another. [1] Reason/ Feeling In chapter 23, Lucy Snowe penned two replies to Graham’s letter, one under â€Å"the dry stinting check of Reason† and another â€Å"according to the full, liberal impulse of Feeling†(281). Lucy first began writing the letter meant for her own relief in which she poured out her â€Å"sincere heart† and â€Å"covered with the language of a strongly adherent affection, a rooted and active gratitude†. Upon its completion, Reason scorned and caused her to rewrite the letter, this time for Graham’s perusal, which became a â€Å"terse, curt missive of a page† (282). Judging from the two responses to the same letter, one might think it was penned by two different people, thus indicating the precarious balancing act between reason and feeling, and the public and private self that Lucy tries to maintain. On the surface, Lucy seems innately calm, devoid of passion and presents herself as being emotionally independent, even at the start of the novel. Lucy narrates that â€Å"in the autumn of the year – I was staying at Bretton; my godmother having come in person to claim me of the kinsfolk with whom was at that time fixed my permanent residence†(8) and the kinsfolk that Lucy refers to are obviously her parents. While no details are given, we can guess that Lucy’s separation from her parents must have caused her much pain, and it destabilized her sense of what is â€Å"permanent† because Lucy finds herself having to move from Mrs Bretton’s to Miss Marchmont’s then upon meeting Ginevra and hearing about a possible job opening, to Villette. Perhaps then, through the estrangement from her parents and from Mrs Bretton, Lucy realized â€Å"there remained no possibility of dependence on others; to myself alone could I look. I know not that I was of a self-reliant or active nature; but self-reliance and exertion were forced upon me by circumstances, as they are upon thousands besides†(40). Aside from becoming self-reliant in order to exert some sort of control over her life, Lucy also resolves to be emotionally self-reliant to prevent herself from becoming like Miss Marchmont whose life was frozen in place after the death of her husband. Yet despite Lucy’s want of distancing herself, Lucy feels an amazing depth of feeling, she cannot stop herself from doing so. 2] â€Å"I suppose animals kept in cages, and so scantily fed as to be always upon the verge of famine, await their food as I awaited a letter. Oh! – to speak truth, and drop that tone of a false calm which long to sustain, outwears nature's endurance – I underwent in those seven weeks bitter fears and pains, strange inward trials, miserable defections of hope, intolerable encroachments of despair†¦ The letter â₠¬â€œ the well-beloved letter – would not come; and it was all of sweetness in life I had to look for†(297). Through this we can see that though Lucy moderates her outward responses, and tries desperately to suppress it, internally she is tortured by her emotions. We can conclude then, that although Lucy constantly berates herself for it and attempts to hide it, the private Lucy is an extremely emotional and passionate one. We first glimpse this when Lucy plays the fop in the play. Lucy thinks that she will be terrible at it, yet she not only manages to find the courage to act without worrying she will be laughed at, Lucy is so passionate in the role that she changes the script. Although everyone else seems to be fooled, M. Paul sees Lucy for the passionate creature she truly is. Through M. Paul, Lucy learns to give in to Feeling and stop letting Reason control her life. Nature/ Art The three couples in the story are all described differently and represent different values with regard to nature and art. Although we hear most about Lucy and M. Paul, what we are told about the other two pairs make Lucy’s tale even more tragic, given that Lucy suffers the most by the end of he novel. Ginevra and Colonel de Hamal, who is tiny in stature and looks like a doll to Lucy, are conceived as almost pseudo art objects. Ginevra is depicted as a butterfly flitting through life, having neither sense nor substance and quite happily so. Most of what we hear about Ginevra is about her outward appearance, thus making her primarily an object of beauty. We hear about her blonde curls, rouge, spangles and sashes, and her habit of often gazing at gaudy polished mirrors. Colonel de Hamal is figured as a dandy, â€Å"so nicely curled, so booted, gloved and crafted† (163). At one point, Polly and Ginevra are even contrasted as works of art or figures in a painting- â€Å"nature having traced all these details slightly, and with a careless hand, in Miss Fanshawe's case; and in Miss de Bassompierre's, wrought them to a high and delicate finish† (346). On the other hand, Graham and Polly are depicted as nature cultivated by art[3], something between nature and art that Robert Colby likens to sheltered greenhouse plants. Dr John’s features are said to be â€Å"though well cut they were not so chiselled, so frittered away as to lose in power and significance what they gained in unmeaning symmetry† (164), while Lucy says of Polly that â€Å"I who had known her as a child, knew or guessed by what a good and strong root her graces held to the firm soil of reality† (347). In this respect, Polly and Graham are not described to be as delicate as Ginevra and her Colonel, but neither are they described like Lucy and M. Paul whose relatively unattractive appearance are an indication of unrefined nature. We are told that Lucy looks plain, but underneath is â€Å"fiery and rash† and given to unpredictable changes, while M. Paul is â€Å"a little hawk of a man†(237), a â€Å"savage-looking friend†(247) of Lucy’s. Even the end of which they come to is poetically suitable- M. Paul perishing in waters and Lucy lamenting amidst the turbulence of nature’s elements. Also, in the beginning of the novel, most of the scenes take place indoors- in lecture halls, concert halls, art galleries while towards the end of the novel, more scenes take place in the woods and gardens. Art is posed against Nature, and it is significant that Lucy’s love for M. Paul blooms in the natural environment. She hears stories from M. Paul who narrates with â€Å"diction simple in its strength, and strong in its simplicity†¦ such a picture I have never looked on from artists' pencil. †(421). Lucy stresses that the stories seem spontaneous, free from artifice. M. Paul leads Lucy from literature to art into nature, imitations of life into life itself. Imagination/ Reality In the novel, there are also many allusions to literature especially in the earlier sections. In many instances, Lucy retreats into her imagination which is fueled by the arts, therefore it is associated with passivity and escapism while nature with the active mind and reality. Lucy herself admits shortly after arriving in Villette, â€Å"I seemed to hold two lives – the life of thought, and that of reality; and, provided the former was nourished with a sufficiency of the strange necromantic joys of fancy, the privileges of the latter might remain limited to daily bread, hourly work, and a roof of shelter. (85) As Villette progresses though, Lucy learns to fuse these two separate worlds, the arts become less important to Lucy as she becomes more of a participant in life and less of a spectator. In this sense, Lucy’s mental and emotional changes are captured as she gains the courage to stop living vicariously through other people or literary characters, and starts actively pursuing what she wants. Throughout the novel, she glides through balls and concerts as a spectator, only participating when forced to which was how she ended up playing the fop in the play. Although Lucy discovers she really enjoyed it, she â€Å"took a firm resolution never to be drawn into a similar affair† (156). It is only towards her last few interactions with M. Paul that Lucy gains the courage to experience life for herself. Two changes may be seen to mark Lucy’s change from passivity to activity- the initiatives she takes to unite Polly and Graham, and her subsequent determination to manage her own school. Lucy is able to bridge imagination and reality through her narrative, memory is her catharsis. She sets her turbulent feelings, feelings of deep joy and sorrow into the past at a distance and transforms it, the sign of reconciliation of passion with calm of mind. In this sense, by writing this narrative, Lucy is really observing herself in the process of composing and creating the characters of her life and herself, therefore perhaps explaining Lucy’s fascination with the inner workings of the mind and the imagination. ———————– [1] Patricia E. Johnson. This Heretic Narrative: The Strategy of the Split Narrative in Charlotte Bronte's Villette† in Source: Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 30, No. 4, Nineteenth Century (Autumn, 1990), pp. 617-631 [2]John Hughes. â€Å"The Affective World of Charlotte Bronte's â€Å"Villette†Ã¢â‚¬  in Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 40, No. 4, The Nineteenth Century (Autumn, 2000), pp. 711-726. [3] Robert A. Colby. â€Å"Villette and the Life of the Mind† in PMLA, Vol. 75, No. 4 (Sep. , 1960), pp. 410-419.

Summary Multimedia Database

INTRODUCTION 1) Background a) Combine text + graphics b) Visual + audio c) Catalog and index image + efficient storage and delivery 2) 4 Difficulties d) Data type e) Data manipulation f) Data storage g) Data delivery 3) Importance h) Store Image (eg:museum) i) Search and manipulate content 4) Types j) Images k) Audio l) Video m) Document n) Handwritten 5) Application o) GIS,CAD,Face-retrieval,doc imaging, medical db, web 6) Characteristic p) Treat mdb same way as data based 7) 4 Challenges q) Size r) Time s) Semantic Nature of Multimedia ) Operation of individual media 8) 5 Features u) Support diff. multimedia data type v) Handle large no. multimedia obj. w) Hierarchical storage structure & archiving data x) Information-retrieval y) Database capabilities More Summary of Devil at My Heels MULTIMEDIA DATA 1. Multimedia data size [Size of media data makes storage, processing, transmission and reception of the data very costly] a. Multimedia data acquisition * Data capture: photo/audio/video * Sampling: convert analog to digital * 8bits = 256 colors * 24bits = 16 million colors b.Dealing with Media Object Size * 2 approaches : store references/reduce size media * SQL:1999 2 data type BLOB & CLOB Lack in (PK, FK ,equality test) * Oracle9i: support 2 LOB #internal LOB: BLOB & CLOB #external LOB: BFILE * IBM DB2: BLOB,CLOB,DBLOB(china) c. Reducing Media Object’s Size * Compression algorithm *remove duplicate information *abbreviating information * Objective *Reduce bandwidth/storage *Decode signal close to original *Robustness,scalability,extensibility * 2 stages: *Predict-estimate redundant & select algorithm Transform-Compress & Decompress * 2 form of compression *Lossless-lose none,2:1,3:1 *Lossy-lose some,10:1,80:1 * Two ways *Run-length encoding *Huffman coding * 2. Real-Time N ature of Multimedia Data d. Segmentation: subdividing video obj e. Manual segmentation costly so focus on automatic segmentation 3. Semantic Nature of Multimedia Data f. Semantic: metadata describe multimedia obj. g. Refer as: text desc/characteristic of metadata(texture of image,frequencies of audios,font size for text)Database Management System and Data

Middle Ages Transformation to the Early Modern Age

Middle Ages Transformation to the Early Modern Age Free Online Research Papers Many factors contributed to the change from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Age. It mainly started during the Renaissance and Reformation, when people started question all aspects of life, which formed many new ideas. The new ideas eventually formed a new belief called humanism, which played a very big role in the change. It was first inspired by Greek and Roman art, which was mostly of human beings, meant to be realistic. Leonardo Da Vinci also played a crucial role: he thought about things no one else ever did. Ideas eventually formed theories, such as the Heliocentric Theory. Without ideology, we may have never even figured out that the earth revolved around the sun. Science and technology, another major reason the world changed, could not have had new inventions without ideas. If Galileo never had the thought that the church could be wrong and that Copernicus could be right, he may have never decided to make a telescope to prove that the church was indeed wrong. That gesture alone pushed humanism even further. The church was wrong, meaning that all its teachings were questionable. The printing press could never have made it, if someone didn’t think, â€Å"Wouldn’t it be nice if we didn’t have to copy all these books out by hands?† Protesting (against the church) also came from ideology. Martin Luther came to realize that the church was taking advantage of everyone else dealing with nepotism and selling indulgences. His Ninety-Five Theses started the Reformation which would then turn into the Early Modern Age. Joan of Arc was a living example of protesting; she was a woman but she wore armour and went to battle. King Henry VIII was not allowed to divorce, even though he was the king. In response, he took away the church’s land and made his own church, which of course allowed him to divorce. In conclusion, if ideology didn’t exist, many of the changes that directly affect the world would not have been there. If those changes did no take place, then our very own era may not have even started. Research Papers on Middle Ages’ Transformation to the Early Modern AgeComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCapital PunishmentQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2