Matching Dell Case Analysis Essay

The PC industry can be analyzed using Porter’s Five Forces. The first force is threat or barriers of entry. Here, the threat is high and barriers are low. Although certain brands own the majority of the market, the costs to manufacture are extremely low, and the prices of these components are declining yearly at 25% to 30%. The capital required is relatively inexpensive, as well. Also, unbranded â€Å"white box† PC makers have become prevalent overseas; showing anyone who can make a PC could make sales. In Buying Power, consumers have great power. There are a high number of users but consumers have a wide variety of brands to choose from and have put much pressure on companies to make satisfactory products at good prices. Customers also have low switching costs. This force along with high demand was also partly responsible for the â€Å"vigorous price war† as many companies cut prices to match one another and satisfy consumers. Supplier power was also high. Intel and Microsoft ran near-monopolies in supplying microprocessors and operating systems, respectively. By 1998, 96% of all PC’s ran on â€Å"Wintel.† These two suppliers drew profits from all PC companies and minimized differentiation, as there were few substitutes and little options of switching to another supplier. The industry’s degree of rivalry reflected its fierce competition. As computers became more common, demand rose, prices decreased, and demand grew stronger, boosting competition between manufacturers. This rivalry is essentially what sparked Dell’s competitors to try to emulate their business model and attempt to gain a competitive advantage for the future. Lastly, the threat of substitutes was low but growing. Consumers were becoming reliant on PC’s as they became commodities but new technologies such as laptops, PDA’s, and smartphones among others were slowly emerging. Business Model Although Dell sold to a diverse range of customer segments, they generally targeted the â€Å"educated consumer,† people knowledgeable about computers. Dell targeted them and wanted to avoid the â€Å"inexperienced Transaction buyer.† Because Dell sold customized PC’s directly to the customer, they needed to know each computer’s specifications, thus making it difficult for inexperienced users to specify their needs. Dell’s close location to its suppliers served as a large advantage. Dell arranged for suppliers to  locate their production facilities close to Dell’s to maximize the efficiency of operations. This allowed Dell and suppliers to work closely with one another, integrating the organization and minimizing buffers. Dell’s unique production process is the part of the model that may deter most imitators. Dell had the advantage of handling fast and large orders and even having suppliers send shipments straight to customers in som e cases. Performance Dell’s success with the Direct Model led to rankings among the top of its competition in user ratings (Exhibit A), a ranking first in ratings for high-end PC’s, and allowed them to obtain the second and third spots for market share in the US and world, respectively. The financial statements that best measure Dell’s advantage are their inventory level ratios. Specifically, Dell’s days of inventory is significantly lower than competitors. Their low days of inventory ratio correlates to a very high return on invested capital and return on equity. Comparisons with competitors can be seen in the appendix (Exhibit B). Principal Issue Dell’s success in financial returns and rapid growth has caused rivals to try to emulate their Direct Model in attempt to gain a competitive advantage and similar success. What is difficult to emulate in Dell’s model and how can they keep itself in this position and leverage sustained growth for the future using this model? Alternatives Dell is the originator of the direct model and knows the formula for success. Dell’s integrated production process with suppliers on a global scale, sole focus on distributing directly to customers, ability to effectively serve a diverse customer base, and ability to provide high quality PC’s at relatively low prices, has put them in a strong position ahead of competitors. Dell knows their capabilities, their customers, and knows exactly to focus on direct distribution. IBM ranks alongside Dell in domestic and worldwide market share. As the first to recognize Dell’s threat of distribution, they took initiative immediately, responding with a joint operation with distributors and resellers called AAP. Many major distributors and resellers each invested tens of millions of dollars into  this program, which could result in powerful partnerships if successful. Compaq owned the largest market share in the industry for some time and are reliable to a number of segment s. They also responded with their own model, ODM, which is also in conjunction with distributors and resellers similar to IBM’s, and DirectPlus, selling directly to small and midsize companies. The company also recently acquired DEC, in which they would leverage their relationships to sell directly to DEC customers and accounts. HP created their own direct model with ESPP. Although their model was similar to IBM and Compaq’s involving distributors and resellers, they specifically aimed to please these partners. HP offered incentives and would make resellers and distributors a larger part of the process. In result, 59% of resellers reported they were more willing to promote HP products than IBM and Compaq. Gateway may have been Dell’s largest threat as the world’s second largest direct seller behind Dell. They even briefly surpassed Dell in sales in 1994 and their days of inventory was at 10 days, only 3 behind Dell’s 7 in 1998. Gateway served mostly pe rsonal users but began serving large corporate accounts with Gateway Major Accounts, Inc. in 1997. But in 1998, the company scaled this operation back as they could not afford to keep it up. Criteria Dell’s Direct Model had a competitive advantage rivals could not easily emulate through their relationship with large enterprise customers and their unique production process that involves a close relationship and location with suppliers. Recommendation Dell is in a strong competitive position against its rivals because of the criteria of advantages in their model. Dell’s production process and close location and collaboration with suppliers on a global scale is a standard that is very difficult to emulate. IBM, Compaq, and HP tried their own versions of direct distribution models but failed to produce anywhere near the same efficiency with financial returns as Dell (Exhibit B). Also, these companies attempted to branch into Dell’s lane while continuing retail sales, which showed it is difficult to focus on both methods and see the same success. Gateway was arguably their biggest threat but could not compete due to their inability to serve large enterprise customers similar  to Dell. Plan of Action Dell should continue to focus on relatively low cost, quality customized products through direct distribution. As technology and computers evolve with more computer alternatives, they should adapt to producing a more diverse product line but continue the same production and distribution process that has brought the firm so much success thus far.

Is it suitable to use censorship in media

Is it suitable to use censorship in media? Media is the mean to deliver the message to audiences. People are constantly exposed to many kinds of media each day including television, radio, and ever- growing popularity of the internet. Humans at every age and gender are unavoidably consuming information. For example, they would see a whitening lotion advertisement on the small screen in the sky train or unintentionally watch a fight scene in a soap opera on television at street side restaurant. However, some information may not be at all appropriate without a proper guidance.Therefore, censorship is suitable to be used in media. The first reason is that people might be misled by inappropriate information in media if censorship is not used as not every people have the same education background and experience. Children are a great example for this case. For instance, when they see the main character in the television series smokes, they would smoke too because their innocence's make bel ieve that what the main character does is fancy. Lastly, it is more realistic not to eliminate all unsuitable contents and use censorship as a teaching tool for audiences.In reality, It Is unavoidable not to see indecent behavior. Therefore, censorship could be useful to be a teaching material for every audience. The media, however, must mention about the consequences of these inappropriate actions. To conclude, censorship In media Is beneficial to society as a whole. It can be used to avoid misleading the Information and as a teaching technique for everyone. Medal Is a powerful source of Information that could Influence the thoughts of Its message receivers.Guiding people by pointing out what not to do and learning by a wrong example would be effective If It Is done with the support from every Institution including media and the audiences themselves. By shopworn censorship as a teaching tool for audiences. In reality, it is unavoidable not to see To conclude, censorship in media is beneficial to society as a whole. It can be used to avoid misleading the information and as a teaching technique for everyone. Media is a powerful source of information that could influence the thoughts of its message example would be effective if it is done with the support from every institution

Australian Surging Housing Prices

The surging housing prices in Australia is spearheaded by the acceleration in the Sydney Australian, the largest as well as the most expensive market. As reflected in the most recent Home Value Index by CoreLogic RP Data, the capital city has its housing prices surging by 1.6 percent in May. This shot in housing prices left the rise over the first five months of the year at five percent (Draper 2000). The medium dwelling price in Australia across the nation pegs at $580,000. The trend has shown no slowdown but has rather bucked the anticipation from the various parties early in the year that prices of houses were due to deteriorating. The surging price is a clear manifestation of the high rise construction booms beginning to influence the values of the apartments (Karantonis and Janet Ge 2007). A greater proportion of the price surging evolved from free prices that lurched 1.8 percent thereby overwhelming a smaller 0.1 percent rise in units. The strong 3.1 percent growth in Sydney that accounted for the gains witnessed in May that took median dwelling price to $782,000. The past quarter saw the prices in Sydney jumping by a record 6.6 percent leaving the gain over the previous year at 13.1 percent. The prices of housing outside Sydney in all capital except Perth recorded gains of between 0.1- and 2.5 percent (Duca, Muellbauer and Murphy 2010). Despite being far below the pace witnessed in Sydney over the same period, there was a thirteen percent price surging by May 2015, and this was the fasted annual pace across Australia. The price leaped by 0.1 percent in Brisbane while it shot 0.7 percent in Darwin. In Canberra and Hobart, the surging were 2.2 percent and 2.5 percent in that order. Perth which is the most exposed capital to the mining sector fortunes and it went on record as the single capital to have recorded a decrease in the prices of the housing of 2.7 percent. Since May 2012, Australian Housing prices have increased by 36.6 percent with Sydney recording a surging of 57.5%, the steepest rise over the period (Rahman 2008). The record in Sydney showed that it outpaced gains of 18.5% and 39.4% for Brisbane and Melbourne respectively that took third and second spots.  Ã‚   From the above table, the monthly, annual, as well as quarterly changes in the prices of house crossways Australia's capital besides the current median value per city, have been revealed. It has been suggested by Lawless, the leader of research at CoreLogic that a rise in investor operations ahead of the federal election probably accounted or hastening in property prices in Sydney in May. It has been noted that the degree to which the investors fuel the recent outpouring in Sydney home value is challenging to quantify (Rahman 2008). Nevertheless, the data from housing finance to March demonstrated that investors have been trending upward since hitting the latest trough in November 2015 at 42.9 percent as a proportion of the whole new mortgage mitments. Data drawn from March indicates that investors currently entail 47.6 percent of the whole new mortgage obligations that is the highest proportional reading since August 2015 (Rahman 2008).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other factors that have led to surging prices include short-term factors (interest rates, investment demand, and economic climate) institutional factors (financial deregulation as well as innovation, land supply as well as land-use planning system and government taxes, levies as well as charges). Long term factors include demography, wealth effects and economic growth. The Australian government can embrace various macroeconomic factors to guarantee housing affordability to the young generation. It has been shown that government taxes, charges, and levies account for the surges in housing prices (Rahman 2008). The government imposes taxes, levies a well as charges at all levels in Australia on the urban land development and development. Investors, therefore, face such costs as developer levies, stamp duty on both transfer and sale of land as well as land tax alongside GST on new house construction as well as renovation of the existing houses. The government can subsidize the housing sectors through reduction of these costs to ensure that developers do pass these burden to the eventual housing prices. This will reduce the ‘total indirect task take’ which is noted to be above $124,000 in Sydney and over $88,000 in Melbourne. Without this, this cost will add up to a remarkable ponent of prices of house and hence the lack of affordability of the housing for the young generation (Rahman 2008). Both land prices and affordability correlate with the price of land that is determined by the developed urban land supply. The supply of residential land is influenced by the cost of development, the land development industry structure, and rules as well as the effectiveness of the land-use planning system (Ge and Williams 2015). The government has the power to control land uses which impact on both availability of developed land as well as the related cost of such lands. Since it takes quite some time to bring the underdeveloped land into mercial use besides the lags cost by government regulation on land use which decreases the short-term responsiveness of land supply to immediate land demand pressure, there is a need for the government to waive or reduce the lag (Draper 2000). Reducing this land would mean that the inelastic short-term price of supply is eliminated. Accordingly, since it the short-term price inelasticity of supply is an accelerator of price surging, its removal wil l result in affordable housing prices for the young generation (Oster and Miller 2005).    The government can also respond to increase in housing prices through interest manipulations. This is because for a given level of price, the rates of interest means reduced mortgages repayments. With a reduction in repayment, developers have increased the opportunity of borrowing at any repayment to- i e ratio. The effect of this would be a rise in the demand, and hence housing prices increase ceteris paribus. Conversely, a surged rate of interest will ease the demand (Bourassa, Hendershott and Murphy 2001). The effect would be either stagnating prices, a moderate rise in price or declining prices depending on the aggregated influence of other factors. The government should control the prices of the housing by ensuring a high but stable interest rate so as to eliminate the influence that nominal mortgage rate of interest has on real house price surging both in the short- and long-term. This action will try to weaken the lasting effect that lower rates of interest have had on prices rise in the previous years that are still being felt to date through hiked housing price in the country (Bourassa and Hendershott 2005). The government can also make sure that housing is affordable by controlling the wealth effect. Every society perceives housing as a central store of wealth. It is acknowledged that gross housing assets account for over 50% of the total personal wealth in Australia. Owner occupier, as well as landlord-investors, have a feeling of wealth when the prices of the existing houses are hiking (wealth effect) resulting in a rise in consumption spending (Bewley, Dvornak and Livera 2004). Accordingly, the aggregate demand and hence economic growth results in support of the increasing prices of the house via a self-reinforcing cycle. The current surging in prices have resulted from this and hence the government must not allow this to continue into the future. The government should curb the wealth effect by ensuring that prices of the existing housing do not shoot (Badcock 2009). The government needs to make sure that cases of decreased supply of affordable private rental housing, dwindling suppl y of social housing as well as prolonged time consumed to release new land are eliminated since all these are an essential recipe for lurching house prices in Australia. The stamp duty concession, grant and cash assistance to the occupants by Federal Government First Home Owners are only but costly failures as they have perpetuated increase in expensive houses (Badcock 2004). These policies have failed as they only work on the ‘demand side’ of the housing market with no precise and significant rise in the supply of affordable housing. The government must focus on affordability policies that tend to increase housing supply especially low-cost housing. Reduction of the duration taken to bring land and housing to market must receive particular attention henceforth. The desirable land supply a panied by proper transport facilities and infrastructure alongside the affordable rental housing supply has to be enhanced. The government must give support to the marginal purchasers via appropriate assistance to dwell in their homes (Ahearne et al. 2005). The government needs to develop a national affordable housing strategy that will be helpful in the reduction of housing stress alongside housing crises in Australia.   Ahearne, A.G., Ammer, J., Doyle, B.M., Kole, L.S. and Martin, R.F., 2005. House prices and monetary policy: A cross-country study. International finance discussion papers, 841. Badcock, B., 2004. ‘Snakes or Ladders?’: The Housing Market and Wealth Distribution in Australia. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 18(4), pp.609-627. Badcock, B., 2009. An Australian view of the rent gap hypothesis. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 79(1), pp.125-145. Bewley, R., Dvornak, N. and Livera, V., 2004. House price spirals: Where the buck starts. mSec, monwealth Bank, Sydney. Bourassa, S.C. and Hendershott, P.H., 2005. Australian capital city real house prices, 1979–1993. Australian Economic Review, 28(3), pp.16-26. Bourassa, S.C., Hendershott, P.H. and Murphy, J., 2001. Further evidence on the existence of housing market bubbles. Journal of Property Research, 18(1), pp.1-19. Draper, D.A.G., 2000. Rent control and the efficiency of the housing market. Duca, J.V., Muellbauer, J. and Murphy, A., 2010. Housing markets and the financial crisis of 2007–2009: lessons for the future. Journal of Financial Stability, 6(4), pp.203-217. Ge, X.J. and Williams, B., 2015. House Price Determinants in Sydney (No. eres2015-230). European Real Estate Society (ERES). Karantonis, A. and Janet Ge, X., 2007. An empirical study of the determinants of Sydney’s dwelling price. Pacific Rim Property Research Journal, 13(4), pp.493-509. Oster, A. and Miller, P.W., 2005. House Prices-Drivers and Links to the Broader Economy: Rational or Irrational Exuberance. [Department of] Economics, University of Western Australia. Rahman, M.M., 2008. Australian housing market: causes and effects of rising price. In Proceedings of the 37th Australian Conference of Economists (ACE 2008). Economic Society of Australia (Queensland).  

George Orwell's 1984 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

George Orwell's 1984 - Research Paper Example People are not allowed to speak freely—in the press or otherwise—because they are afraid of retribution. This is in direct contrast to the United States, where freedom of speech is built into the First Amendment of the Constitution, the founding document upon which U.S. ideals are based. Totalitarian governments don’t want people to think, live, or do anything without the government’s approval. For example, Communist China only allows one child per family. So, even the means of reproduction is controlled in that country, simply because it gives the government power over even peoples’ private sex lives. Not only this, but the government can claim that it is instituting such a law to have one child per family due to â€Å"the ecology† or some other such reason. This is not the true reason why leaders do not want the Chinese people empowered by having many children. China thinks that by controlling the fact that even these poor citizens of their own country cannot have intimate relations without worrying that the government might execute their child—puts them in a state of continual fear. This persistent fear that people would wake up to also include the fear that someone is watching them all the time who may have a higher place in the government than is originally known. That happens a lot in 1984. People are not whom they seem, and there are several shifting sands in this book, leading one to believe that one cannot always blindly accept the simple platitudes of what appears to be reality. Not only this, but Orwell warned against the dangers of giving leaders totalitarian power. One of the ways that this was achieved was that the so-called ‘winners’ in history would completely and most convincingly erase history. They would do this by incinerating any documents that would show proof of any kind of wrongdoing by the government. Thus, the government’s actions could only be analyzed through the na rrow view it had of itself—which was that it was basically a perfect entity, at least, according to its own records. This is the position in which poor Winston Smith finds himself. He works for the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue), and finds himself having the task of ‘revising’ history. What is interesting is that Winston starts realizing, as an Outer Party flunky, that the Inner Party is using him as a tool to help manipulate information control so that the top 2% can remain at the top. This reflects something similar which is going on at the Occupy Wall Street protests all over the globe and in riots in the UK, Africa, and the Middle East—people are realizing that their power comes from taking back their history, and seeing history as it really is and was as opposed to how it might be or should have been. This leads us to our next topic, which has to do with historical revisionism and its evils. III. The Deliberate Distortion of History The deliberate disto rtion of history is what Winston was in charge of doing. The novel 1984 depicts how detrimental history can be when it is written through the lens of the people who were on the winning side of

RN Staffing Time and Outcomes of LongStay Nursing Home Residents Must Essay

RN Staffing Time and Outcomes of LongStay Nursing Home Residents Must be a Nursing Research Critique - Essay Example Moreover, this research highlights the inadequacy of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1987 whereby only 8 hours of RN care is covered, necessitating more political lobbying to expand the sphere Medicaid. Although this article provided impressive background information of the authors, not much of their previous works and field of interest were cited to back the general aim for the convergence of each into the overall principle of this research article. It would have been useful to know what other studies they have conducted in order to establish, if there are any, a pattern that explains why this particular research was engaged and therefore realize the connection of each of the authors aim. We are however left to assume that in consideration with their expertise, they are of the same conjecture as regards the necessity improve quality of care. The title in itself is already clear, in which there is no need to elaborate what the research wants to establish. The presentation on the other hand is a comprehensive discussion of how the authors derived the very core and tenor of this research, and they further elaborated the objective, methods of data collection, interpretation as well as the simple analysis of the data collected. Each method of data collection is defined in such a way that comprehension is established in the analysis and relevance. The conclusion was congruently presented with the intentions set to be derived at in the title. Problem/Purpose/Hypothesis The issues presented in this article define the adverse effects brought about by the lack of capable care provider in the aged facility, regardless of the presence of other staffs (i.e., LPN and CNA). The issue stresses that there is a considerable difference in the quality of care provided by the Registered Nurse (RN) as compared to those rendered by the License Practical Nurse (LPN) or Certified Nurse Assistant (CNA), in which their study endorses the advantage of the presence of RNs in the nursing home. The article further presented the incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers, UTI, malnutrition and regression in the performance of ADLs, consequential to the less amount of actual care provided to the geriatric patients. The problem identified by the authors were concrete and actual even in the medical field, with a hypothesis that can strongly argue relevance on its own, being that pressure ulcers in itself can be anticipated and prevented by proper nursing care. Although the purpose of their presentation was non interventional in nature, they author nevertheless extended their discussion on the etiology and prognosis of the health risks presented, being highly manageable and preventable. Review of Literature Extensive and informative resources were utilized to back the claims and contentions in this research, which only goes to prove the relevance and prevalence of the issues mentioned. A vast collection of other researches were referred to by the authors as well as complete and authentic statistical data from verified and reliable sources. It must be noted however that the legitimacy of this research is strongly supported and funded by both Abbot

Describe hazard, risk, and outrage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe hazard, risk, and outrage - Essay Example There are already several companies which offer conversion kits for any type of car using gasoline. SVO-run vehicles have almost a zero net carbon dioxide emission which is very favorable to the environment (Veg Oil Motoring, n.d.). SVO-run vehicles can run on recycled waste oil from restaurants; thus, producing an exhaust that smells like whatever food was cooked in the oil. Yes, one would consider buying this type of car in the future because aside from the savings on fuel costs, there is reduced emission. Buying this car would mean that one is contributing in his own little way to reduce the cause of global warming. The use of vegetable oil does not harm the environment and poses less risk on the health of the people unlike gasoline-powered automobiles. If one travels 20,000 miles per year and uses gasoline at $3/gallon, one will spend $1,090 per year, assuming one gets 55 miles to a gallon (Middleton, 2011). If one uses SVO which costs $0.89/gallon, one will spend $395 per year, assuming one gets 45 miles to a gallon of SVO. Therefore, total annual savings will be $695 per year or approximately 64% savings. One thinks that the reason why there a few vehicles using SVO is because of the lack of information about it. Vehicle owners do not know whether there are any hazards in converting their cars. They are wary of the risks it poses on their vehicles, if any. Most of these car owners are risk-averse. They are not willing to risk the valuable money which they spent on their cars. People are afraid that conversion of their cars from being gasoline or diesel-run to SVO might damage it. They are also concerned that their insurance companies might charge them additional premiums if they convert. Vehicle owners are worried that it might affect the warranty of their cars. The conversion kit might void the warranty. Another major concern is the question on the performance of the automobile.

Critical Issue Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Issue Analysis - Essay Example Followers of the second are equally steadfast in their opinion that to equate abortion to murder rests on a wafer thin foundation of religious beliefs and that embryo neither has life not is an individual with rights. The choice to or not to abort should vest with the pregnant woman. The debate arouses virulent passions2. To being forth the intensity of emotions aroused by the contentious issue of abortion and some semblance of objectivity, viewpoints of a male and female author have been considered. The female is a staunch anti-abortionist, and the male an ‘enlightened’ believer in freedom of choice. In the interest of simplification, the adherents of divergent viewpoints have been placed in two categories, namely, pro and anti abortionists. In an article titled, â€Å"Abortion rights are pro-life,† Dr. Leonard Peikoff3 takes an aggressive stance, and wonders why the pro-abortion rights forces are on the defensive. He willingly provides the answer: because nobody is any longer defending the right to abortion on moral grounds. He exhorts the pro-abortionists not to be apologetic and fight tooth and nail. He believes that â€Å"the embryo is clearly pre-human; only the mystical notions of religious dogma treat this clump of cells as constituting a person,† and â€Å"is not an independently existing, biologically formed organism, let alone a person.† Diane S. Dew, a mother and an anti-abortionist campaigner, in an article titled, â€Å"Its a child, not a choice,† argues that society’s penchant for defense of rights of an individual smacks of the diabolical and pro-abortionists have blown it out of proportion. She contends that the pro-abortion lobby is backed by vested interests, notably, doctors, for whom â€Å"abortion is big business.† Since the legalization of abortion in 1973, our nation has lost an entire generation to abortion. We

Issues for Women (or Minorities) in Leadership Research Paper

Issues for Women (or Minorities) in Leadership - Research Paper Example However, leadership is never an easy task. It takes great amount of skills and abilities to become a successful leader. Although there is no clear and definite description of a successful leader, there are some qualities which are required in a person for him/her to be a good leader. First of all, a leader needs to have a vision in his mind and should be able not only follow it, but also share it with his team members. Besides this, the leader needs to practice integrity, be dedicated towards the organization or the task, have creativity and be open to criticism and new ideas. Lastly, the leader also needs to be humble and fair towards others (Hakala, 2008). When it comes to being in the role of a leader, women are much different than men. Not only do men and women differ in their leadership styles, there is also considerable difference in their vision, approach towards problems and thinking patterns. However, being different does not mean that women are incapable of being successful leaders. There are several examples of women leaders who have been praised a lot for their leadership skills. But, on a mass scale, men still dominate in the capacity of leadership. This is because of a number of issues women face in leadership. Firstly, women in the social and cultural structure are seen to be less dominating than men. This is seen by the predefined notions and the practices which maintain a system of power in the society. This social structure has the tendency to shape decisions, interactions and social relations. As a result, researches have revealed that men and women draw out different responses from the people around them. The difference is primarily due to the above stated cultural and social factors. Hence, women leaders stimulate different reactions than male leaders because of preconceived expectations. This makes it very difficult for a

Joseph J. Campbell 'The Hero with a Thousand Faces' Essay

Joseph J. Campbell 'The Hero with a Thousand Faces' - Essay Example Campbell’s monomyth (also known as a hero’s journey) is an essential pattern that a person who is to become a hero must take, in order to become a hero. It is a matter of great interest that most people who are fit being regarded as hero, have led a life that is commensurate with Campbell’s monomyth and this includes the life, times and achievements of Martin Luther, the German monk, professor of theology, the head figure of the Great Reformation of the 16th century Christianity (Protestant Reformation) and former Catholic priest. This element of consistency between the two shall be seen in the discussion that ensues forthwith. According to Campbell, the first stage that the potential hero has to experience is the experiencing of the ordinary world. Herein, the individual becomes uncomfortable, unaware or uneasy as he is introduced to the audience, so as to identify with his situation or dilemma. The individual may be depicted against a background of personal his tory, heredity and environmental background. Particularly, there is a strong element of polarity in the life of the individual and thereby pulling him in different diametric directions, causing him stress. The immediately foregoing can also be seen in the life of Martin Luther (November 10, 1483- February 18, 1546), a man of German nationality who grew up to be a monk, a priest, a theologian and the professor who authored the 95 theses. Having been born into the Holy Roman Empire, Luther rose up to be a Catholic priest. At the time, the religious environment in which Luther operated and lived was putrid with complacency, since the Roman Catholic Church: was practicing the selling of indulgences; suffered covertly the popes and members of the clergy to keep mistresses; continued to operate as an integral part of the state; neither regard the teachings of Biblical Scriptures nor taught the same to the laity; and had amassed a vast pool of wealth illegitimately, through these means. Even life outside the Church was not any better. The raunchy lifestyle that had suffused the rest of Germany is underscored by Luther referring to University of Erfurt which he had attended as a beerhouse and a whorehouse (Maritain, 75). Secondly, there is a call to adventure. Herein, there is an element that shakes up the situation. These elements may emanate either from external pressures, or from internal pressure. This pressure compels the hero to face the beginnings of change. One of the events that clearly served as a call to adventure for Martin Luther was the July 2, 1505 incident. Herein, Luther was riding on a horseback on his way to the university when a lightning bolt struck near him. He made a cry for help and promised to become a monk- a development that seriously infuriated his father who had invested heavily in Luther’s education. Later, after he had become a priest, Luther’s encounter with St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans (especially Romans 1:17) seriously woke him up to the spiritual reality that was contradictory to the Catholic Church’s teachings and practices. This encounter compelled Luther to read more and to begin questioning the practi ces pertinent to Catholicism, until he was convinced that Catholicism was not in line with Scriptural teachings. The foregoing may be succeeded by the refusal to call. This refusal may be underpinned by the fear of the unknown and any danger that may lie ahead, and thereby dissuading the individual from embarking on the adventure. This usually happens briefly. It is a fact that even after the lightning bolt incident, Luther was somewhat reluctant to join the monastery, even though he answered the call almost immediately. Secondly, even after the

The Story of G.I. Joe Film (1945) Thesis Paper Movie Review

The Story of G.I. Joe Film (1945) Thesis Paper - Movie Review Example Pyle (played convincingly by Burgess Meredith) is the embedded journalist within this Company. But the shared habiting space makes it a personal experience for Pyle and to this extent his journalism takes on a humanitarian hue as opposed to being merely patriotic. This essay will argue that, of the numerous merits attached to the film, it’s showcasing of the bold, humane and forthright journalism of the legendary Ernie Pyle is not only its standout feature but also accounts for its enduring appeal. True to the journalistic ethic of accuracy and balance, the film makes no attempt to ‘manufacture’ heroism in the war setting. Instead, it fits the narrative to Pyle’s reportage, which includes unsavory and un-heroic aspects of the Second World War. True to this theme, â€Å"Pyle was later killed in a foxhole on a remote Pacific island as he pursued his career of covering the troops after victory was won in Europe. Pyle wrote of the common "dogfaces," not the br ass hats. He is a hero who should be known to every journalism student.† (Booker, 1999, p.14) But a cursory look at the state of embedded journalism today (most visibly in the War on Terror operations) betrays the falling standards of journalism in America. Today the reporter comes across as a biased stakeholder in the side he belongs, which is a far cry from the courage and ethic espoused by Ernie Pyle. More importantly, what The Story of G.I. Joe underscores is that â€Å"motion pictures can provide helpful assistance in journalism history classes through a number of ways: as a reflection of how journalists and journalism are portrayed in the mass culture; as a means to measure the role that journalism plays in significant events; and, perhaps most important, as a device by which to assess the ethical role of journalism as reflected by the decisions and actions of the people portrayed.† (Holsinger & Schofield, 1992, p.44) The Story of G.I. Joe can also be said to be u nique for the level of realism it carries. The product is not just made for commercial purposes, but for artistic and documentary goals. It also served as a vehicle of propaganda to gather support for the war from the American public. The relatively late release of the film (released after the dust settled in the European theatre) is perhaps why it portrays combat in unglamorous terms, â€Å"emphasizing not the heroism of its soldiers but their weariness and daily hardships. Based on Pyle’s reports (collected in his 1943 book,  Here Is Your War) the film details the grueling effect of extended combat service on a platoon of American soldiers the Italian campaign. Led by Lieutenant Walker ( Robert Mitchum) and accompanied by Pyle, the platoon slowly advances, experiencing both danger and boredom but very little in the way of glory.† (Booker, 1999, p.14) Contemporary war movies as well as war journalism can do well by embracing such an attitude. It is in recognition of the valuable sensibilities displayed through the film that it won four Academy Award nominations, including to Mitchum for best supporting actor and to the three screenwriters (two of  whom, Endore and Stevenson, were prominent figures on the American cultural Left) for best screenplay. While some critics took the film’s grim depiction of war as an antiwar statement, James Agee insightfully notes that G.I. Joe is a "tragic and eternal work of art precisely because of its unflinching portrayal of the realities of

Article Analysis on Mate Selection Essay Example for Free

Article Analysis on Mate Selection Essay The entire article is based on evolutionary psychology and the title of the article is Mate Selection criteria: A trait desirability assessment study of sex differences of Serbia. The entire paper examines the predictions from socio-structural perspective and evolutionary on sex differences in the mate selection in Serbia. There were a total of 127 respondents that were taken from Serbia and the respondents were mainly college students. The method of Likert scale was used and they were questioned about 60 behavioral traits and personality traits. Differences were obtained on the basis of perceived desirably of strengths, self pity, fragility, thinness’s and beauty. The males in this study consider these traits as more desirable and the females valued strength of the male positively. Female respondents are more concerned with the physical appearance of their partners. Similarly, in this study females are also concerned about the socio-economic class of males. A generalized approach cannot be used in this study because Serbian people are distinct in their culture. Similarly, in this study both sexes are attracted with each other on different factors like sexual attractiveness, beauty, socio-economic factors etc. The purpose of the researcher was to evaluate the sex differences in Serbia. However the actual hypothesis of this research paper is based on the functionality of mate selection criteria that is based on the perspective of subordinate position of women. The entire research was carried out by Bojan Todosijevic, Snezana Ljubinkovic, and Aleksandra Arancic (Todosijevic, Ljubinkovic, Arancic, 2003). The research was headed by the department of psychology which belongs to the University of Novi. As far as the findings of this research is considered quantitative analysis is used in this the entire research to evaluate the findings of this research. Findings of this research depicts that the traits that are assessed are sincerity, tenderness, passion, maturity, intelligence and etc. The desirable traits among both the sexes are courage, thinness, talent for sports, beauty, elegance, aggressiveness and etc. Both the sexes agree on the general ordering of the traits but the research have identifies certain significant differences statistically. Males consider the traits of self-pity, thinness, beauty; fearfulness as more desirable and the probability of these traits are less than 0. 1. Findings suggest that men scored quite higher on the former items and the character traits were considered to be more desirable by the females. Discussion of the topics with respect to the article The topic of selecting a life time companion and the topic of comparison levels can be related with this research paper (Anderson Sabatelli, 2007). Certain traits are discussed in this research paper and the through different statistical tools the results are evaluated. In both the topics of the text book the traits are discussed and both the topics evaluate that effectiveness of traits. The phenomenon of how to select an appropriate life partner is discussed and what should an individual do when he/she is selecting its soul mate. Similarly, the other topic of comparison levels discusses the comparison levels between the two sexes. In this research paper research is conducted on the traits of males and females and how both of them select their partners based on these traits. The phenomenon of Likert scale is used in the entire research. Conclusion The hypothesis in this research paper was formulated on the basis of evolutionary psychology. The results of this paper depicts that males give more preference to physical attractiveness of their potential mates. On the other hand women consider socio-economic factors like success in job, capability to earn and wealth related factors as important. The traits that are discussed in this research paper are dependent on culture and it varies with culture to culture. All the traits are evaluated in this research and generalized results are attained from the study (Todosijevic, Ljubinkovic, Arancic, 2003). The hypothesis that was derived with higher socio-economic interpretation that was related to women should be considered as less important as compared to the hypothesis on evolutionary psychology. In the entire research paper different traits were evaluated and results were achieved through Likert scales. Before reading the article one cannot depict that which traits are more important for women and for men and since the entire article talks about traits and their effectiveness that is the reason why it becomes quite easy to filter out which traits are necessary for men and which are important for women. Statistical analyses are used in this article which helps the reader in finding the viability of the results. This article can definitely help an individual in selecting its partner and after reading this article one can check the traits discussed in this article with the traits that are present in his/her partner or the traits which he/she desires for (Todosijevic, Ljubinkovic, Arancic, 2003). References Anderson, S. , Sabatelli, R. (2007). Family Interaction: A Multigenerational Developmental Perspective. Allyn Bacon. Todosijevic, B. , Ljubinkovic, S. , Arancic, A. (2003). Mate selection criteria: A trait desirability assessment study of sex differences in Serbia. University in Novi.

Financial Independence and the Single Woman Essay Example for Free

Financial Independence and the Single Woman Essay Most, if not all of Jane Austen’s renowned novels feature the trials and tribulations of single women—from Pride and Prejudice, to Sense and Sensibility, to Emma. The focus is specifically on the concept of marriage as the only viable choice for a single woman, if she wished to live substantially in her later years. However, while the subject of being wed to a suitable gentleman is present in Emma, the main character possesses a quality different from those in the other stories mentioned—Emma Woodhouse is financially stable. Therefore, this discussion of Austen’s Emma will be done through a different angle, which runs contrary to the author’s quote above. Matrimony in Emma is thoroughly explored and its nature as a solution for an unmarried woman’s future, yet it apparently does not apply to the story’s protagonist. Further arguments will expose the same logic as it is perceived today—after all, Austen wrote most of her work during the mid- to late 19th century. II. Emma Woodhouse and Matchmaking The penchant of the title character for matching her women friends with possible grooms composes the running narrative of the story. Because of a previous success, Emma decides to do the same for her friend Harriet Smith, an innocent but socially-inept young woman. Emma pours all of her efforts in setting Harriet up with the pompous Mr. Elton, and cut all possibilities of Harriet’s consideration of a marriage proposal she had received from Mr. Martin, a young farmer. Eventually, after many plot twists and turns and appearances of more characters, her plans backfire as the arrogant Elton reveals his true desire for Emma, and not for Harriet. Harriet happily ends up with Martin, and Emma admits to her own affections for her longtime friend Mr. Knightley. It is obvious that Emma’s obsession with matchmaking does not cover merely attraction; she chose Mr. Elton for Harriet mainly because of his financial stability, being the local vicar. Compared to the income of a regular farmer, a vicar would ensure a better life for Harriet. Clearly, the era’s societal norms and economic potential for women are at play, for woman were generally not entitled to many occupational choices; the most common would be as a family teacher or governess, both which are not financially rewarding. But the biggest bane of women then was the possibility of being single until they reach an age unacceptable for marriage—which would be around the mid-20s. For Emma, born into a wealthy family and allowed to make her own decisions, the best way to make sure her less fortunate women friends would have good lives ahead would be to marry a rich man. This is not explicitly implied in the story, as Emma’s designs were disguised as just a bored, rich girl’s newest hobby. However, in analyzing her own conditions as well as her initial rejection of the poor Mr. Martin for Harriet, it is obvious that she subscribes to the concept of marriage being the only solution for women other than herself.

Why Was the Batista Regime in Cuba Easily Overthrown?

Why Was the Batista Regime in Cuba Easily Overthrown? Why was the Batista regime in Cuba overthrown with such apparent ease? Fulgencio Batista was born in 1901 and during his life was twice to seize power in Cuba as well as once being cleanly elected before eventually fleeing Cuba in 1959 and dying in exile. This essay will explore some of the reasons why the Batista regime was overthrown with such apparent ease. The Cuban Revolution and overthrow of Batista must be seen in the context of Cuban history and it is with the rise and fall of the Machado regime that we will begin, before looking at political opposition to Batista and the rise of Castro. Following his popular election in 1924, it was thought that under the presidency of Gerardo Machado Cuban politics would be cleaned up (Williamson 1992, 441). However, unrest caused by falling sugar prices through the 1920s led to an increasingly repressive regime that fuelled terrorism and violence amongst students and middle-class intellectuals as well as opposition from labour unions. The ABC movement, formed in 1931, engaged in assassinations and shoot-outs with Machado’s police. In 1933 Machado went into exile but the government put in place by the army and the US ambassador was quickly ousted in September 1933 in the so-called Sergeant’s Revolt. Dr Ramon Grau San Martin of Havana University became president but after a four-month spell in office, Sergeant Fulgencio Batista overthrew his government in a coup (Williamson 1992, 442). Despite having the support of the US and Cuban business interests, Batista was a populist who sought the support of the unions, passed social welfare, provided housing for workers and promoted fuller employment through public works programmes (Williamson 1992, 442). The unpopular Platt Amendment, allowing US intervention in Cuban internal affairs, was annulled in 1934. In the late 1930s there were assembly elections and in 1940 a new constitution was passed, providing for universal suffrage, pensions, social welfare, a minimum wage and an eight hour day (Williamson 1992, 443). In 1940 Batista held free elections, in which he won power. However, in 1944, perhaps overconfident, he lost the election and retired to the US. Elected to the presidency in 1944 was none other than Dr Grau, of the Autentico Party, which was formed after the 1933 revolution and had led political opposition to Batista through the 1930s (Ameringa 1985, 328). It was hoped that the political atmosphere would become healthier and that further reforms would be enacted. After all, there had been US aid and an improved economic situation during the war and a sugar boom at its end. These hopes ‘were drowned in an orgy of corruption and violence by venal revolutionary gangs, which Grau looked upon with complaisance’ (Williamson 1992, 443). In fact violence and terrorism had never fully disappeared after 1933. It is in this context that the relief at the return of Batista, through a coup in 1952, must be seen. Continuing with a similar programme of public works and economic diversification Cuba’s situation seemed to improve with increased literacy, health and welfare (Williamson 1992, 444). On the other hand there remained significant seasonal unemployment amongst the rural majority due to the continued predominance of sugar as well as dependence on the US market and its quotas and the fluctuating world sugar price. The second Batista period had not been greeted with universal joy. Varona, of the Autenticos denounced him as a ‘usurper’ (Ameringa 1985, 328). Batista declared himself chief of state and suspended the 1940 constitution, dissolving all political parties. He cancelled the elections in 1952, detaining members of the opposition and suspending civil guarantees, and cancelled elections again in 1953 and won the election in 1954 while Varona, who had been detained in 1952 and 1953 denounced his regime and election victory as fraudulent (Ameringa 1985, 330-39). Fol lowing his election, Batista attempted some conciliation in a policy of amnesty (Ameringa 1985, 340). Despite this, there was an increased climate of violence in 1955-56 marked by the killing of Villasana, a crackdown on student demonstrations and a purge of the military (Ameringa 1985, 340, 342, 344). Fidel Castro had already appeared on the scene from Havans University in the early 1950s. Under his leadership 160 young people had attacked the Moncada barracks in Santiago, part of their plan to depose Batista (Williamson 1992, 444). Most were shot or arrested and treatment at the hands of the soldiers was brutal. Indeed the public outcry at this was what saved Castro from torture and murder, although the attack did provoke a further tightening of the regime. Following his release from prison in 1955 he went to Mexico, falling in with other exiles and Guevara. Returning to Cuba on the Granma, Castro with 82 men landed in Oriente but were given away to Batista’s men by locals and only 12 men survived the enounter. Fleeing into the Sierra Maestra, a guerrilla force began to take shape and to win small victories against Batista’s troops. There was also urban resistance led by Pais, the students’ Directorio Revolucionario, which almost managed to assassinate Batist a and the Communist Party, which mobilised labour against Batista (Williamson 1992, 445-46). An unsuccessful revolt of naval officers also took place at Cienfuegos in 1957. The failure of the general strike in 1958, according to Williamson, made Castro realise that it was military action that would decide the fate of Cuba (Williamson 1992, 446). Batista failed to defeat the guerrillas in his May 1958 offensive in Sierra Maestra and in August Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfugos’s forces took Las Villas, cutting Cuba in two and isolating much of Batista’s army in the east. On the 1st of January 1959, with the Rebel Army approaching Havana and having already lost the military aid of the US in 1958, Batista fled to the Dominican Republic, conceding defeat (Williamson 1992, 4446-47). Castro was immediately recognised by the US as the new Cuban prime minister. Vellinga comments that ‘From the abundant literature available on the Cuban revolution, it is difficult to arrive at a consensus on the question of whether or not the Rebel Army brought about the ultimate defeat of the Batista regime, and to determine exactly which segments of the population (and in what proportion) played a major part in the struggle on Fidel Castro’s side’ (Vellinga 1976, 246). Indeed, while the official line, that the Rebel Army was a peasant army conforming to theories of revolutionary warfare, that the Batista regime was defeated by a coalition of the workers, peasants and students and that the regime was defeated by successful applications of the doctrine of guerrilla warfare, we can see that the tradition of political change in Cuba is one in which dictators could, when forced to face up to their unpopularity and the impossibility of their situation, retire, rather than fight to the death (Vellinga 1976, 246). This had been the case with Ma chado as well as with Batista, at the end of his first regime. Batista’s position, facing opposition from all sides and without US backing was quite simply untenable. Furthermore, the US CIA had been trying to persuade Batista to step down voluntarily, in favour of others that he might designate, and had tried to engineer a situation in which Castro might be contained within a US friendly coalition in Havana (Morley 1982, 168). The post-1959 attempts by the US to shape events in Cuba were unsuccessful due to the ‘mobilized working-class constituency’ that was able to remake the social and political institutions of Cuba (Morley 1982, 169). This would seem to demonstrate the truth in the notion that the revolution did have a basis in the community at large and explain the apparent ease of the overthrow of Batista. However, the military success of the revolution needs to be seen in terms of the wider context of the constant political opposition of the Varona and the Autenticos from 1952-57, who in a spirit of abstentionism retained democratic ideals and the principle of the rule of law and consistently denied the legitimacy of the Batista regime, emphasising its violations and avoiding violence and collaboration. ‘They fostered the attitude that the Batista regime was abnormal, an aberration that would pass’ (Ameringer 1985, 350). In conclusion, we can see that the apparent ease with which Batista was overthrown owes itself to a variety of factors brought out by the discussion above. Firstly, in Cuba there was a tradition in which dictators could step down and flee from untenable positions, for example, Batista’s original financially beneficial retirement to the US. There also seems to be truth in the widespread involvement amongst the different social classes of Cuba in the revolution against Batista. The lack of continued support from the US probably played a major role in Batista’s decision to flee, not least following his military defeats at the hands of the Rebel Army and the withdrawal of military aid by the US. Finally, there was constant and consistent political opposition that maintained the illegitimacy of Batista’s regime and kept alive the possibility that something better could exist. Bibliography Ameringa, C.D. 1985. The Autentico Party and the Political Opposition in Cuba, 1952-57. The Hispanic American Historical Review Vol.65 No.2 (May): 327-51. Morley, M.H. 1982. The US Imperial State in Cuba 1952-1958: Policymaking and Capitalist Interests. Journal of Latin American Studies Vol.14 No.1 (May): 143-70. Vellinga, M.L. 1976. The Military and the Dynamics of the Cuban Revolutionary Process. Comparative Politics Vol.8 No.2 (Jan.): 245-71. Williamson, E. 1992. The Penguin History of Latin America. London: Penguin.

Two Perspectives of Organization Theory Essay -- Business Management

Organization theory is the body of knowledge related to the examination and analysis of both the internal workings of organizations and their interactions with their external environments. This knowledge is generated either through practical experience or through scientific inquiry. Organization theory is also concerned with applying this knowledge to designing and managing organizations. Contrary to what the term â€Å"organization theory† might suggest, the literature of this field of study teems with a variety of organization theories. Each theory offers a perspective for understanding organizations. The wealth of perspectives in organization theory stems from the diverse, complex, and dynamic nature of organizations and the wide range of academic disciplines underlying the field of organization theory. For any field of study as diverse as organization theory, controversies are bound to occur. Such a clash of perspectives occurred when Herbert Simon published â€Å"The Pro verbs of Public Administration†---a biting criticism of classical organization theory as exemplified by the work of Luther Gulick. I shall first summarize Gulick’s and Simon’s central ideas about organizations, laying the ground to compare and contrast their approaches. Then I will consider Simon’s critique of Gulick, and to be fair to Gulick, we shall also examine arguments from an article written in Gulick’s defense by Thomas Hammond. In the course of the discussion of the Gulick-Simon debate, I will take the liberty to interpose my comments on the arguments put forth. My global comments on this debate are collected toward the end of this think piece. Let us first consider Gulick’s perspective on organizations. Gulick’s work on organization theory belongs t... ...e possibility for cross-fertilization between the existing paradigms exists. Perhaps, the best that can be done is to establish frameworks in which multiple paradigms provide different viewpoints from which to examine the complexities of organizations. Works Cited Gulick, Luther H. 1937. â€Å"Notes on the Theory of Organization† in Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (eds.), Papers on the Science of Administration, 1–45. New York: Institute of Public Administration, Columbia University. Simon, Herbert A. 1946. â€Å"The proverbs of Administration,† Public Administration Review 6, 53–67. Simon, Herbert A. 1947. Administrative Behavior. Fourth edition 1997. New York: The Free Press. Hammond, Thomas H. 1990. â€Å"In Defence of Luther Gulick’s ‘Notes on the Theory of Organization.’† Public Administration 68, 143–173.

The Benefits of Prolonging and Separating Vaccines Essay examples -- V

Parents today have many concerns for the well being of their child. One big apprehension is what vaccines are being introduced into their infant’s small bodies and the many adverse reactions they cause. In our current generation, infants are injected with up to 31 vaccines just in their first year of life (CDC, 2015). Life threatening diseases are prevented with such vaccines, but parents are often left to wonder, how many of these vaccines are even necessary. Many of the vaccines are given in combinations; sometimes three or more disease fighting vaccines are given in one inoculation. There is continued clinical research to increase efficiency of these vaccines, changing the components of the vaccines, making them vastly different from what they were in generations past. Separating these vaccines can make a large difference in how a child’s body reacts to the new generation of vaccines. Vaccines can not only be separated out of the combinations that are most com mon, they can be prolonged. Some parents choose to give vaccines only every six months, others choose to wait to start any vaccinations until their child is two years of age (Miller, 2014). Parents have choices today, follow the recommended dosage schedule or prolong and separate their child’s vaccines. In doing the latter, and infant’s body systems have time to mature, side effects may be reduced, and parents will be more willing to vaccinate.â€Æ' Prolonging and Separating Infant Vaccinations There are many reason parents choose to vaccinate or not. Side effects and fears of permanent adverse reactions are among the biggest of parent fears when considering when and how to vaccinate their child. With the emergence of fears of autism, neurological problems, develop... ...ines/multiplevaccines.html Fisher, Barbara. (2011). Vaccine Safety: Evaluating the Science. Medical Science and Public Trust: The Policy, Ethics and Law of Vaccination in the 20th and 21st Century. Retrieved from http://www.nvic.org/getdoc/6cd24653-fd19-49e5-842a-3917e15de533/Medical-Science---Public-Trust.aspx#top Dr. Miller, Donald. (2014). LewRockwell.com. A User-Friendly Vaccination Schedule. Retrieved from http://www.lewrockwell.com/miller/miller15.html Morales, Tatiana. (2014). CBSNews. To Vaccinate or Not. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2014/12/04/earlyshow/contributors/emilysenay/main531638.shtml Stratton, Kathleen, Wilson, Christopher & McCormick, Marie. (2002). Under Review: Multiple Immunizations and Immune Dysfunction. Immunization Safety Review. (Pgs. 32-42). Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10306&page=32

Skittles :: essays research papers

Skittles OVERVIEW Skittles is a variety entertainment and dining establishment located in Washington, D.C. . Our mission is to provide our patrons with a unique blend of live entertainment while delivering a top quality dining experience. We will do this by emphasizing service excellence and the highest level of performance in all aspects of our operations and services. Our prominent services include live entertainment, ranging in form from comedy to jazz performances to poetry recitals and others. We also offer lunch, dinner, drinks and dancing to our customers. The restaurant is operated by its several partners who have an equal share in ownership. The partners are Tracy Jackson, James Johnson, Sonja Dawkins, Kevin Brown and Steffi Carr. The restaurant is ideally located on the D.C. waterfront. There it will be easily accessible to a large cross section of consumers and make it possible to provide patrons with a safe and controlled environment. Our establishment brings a relatively new concept to the Districts restaurant industry. What we provide is an everchanging mix of live entertainment to customers while serving all of their drinking and dining needs as well. We are somewhat of a one stop, night on the town, in that we provide not only the drinking and dining needs of person going out but we also provide, in the same location and depending on the night, everything from dancing to live music performances to a night of comedy entertainment. Because of its uniqueness to the marketplace in D.C., Skittles has an excellent opportunity to establish itself and become a force in the restaurant/entertainment community in the District. This is partly because of the limited direct competition the company has to face. Although direct competition is limited, there are several establishments which we feel will pose competition to us in the market. They include Blues Alley, Hogates, H.I. Ribsters, Phillips, Gang Plank, The Wharf, and Club 721. Despite the threats which the competition poses to the restaurant, we are still very confident in the ability of this concept and restaurant to thrive and succeed in the District. SITUATION ANALYSIS We, the owners of Skittles, are very enthusiastic about our chances of success with this new and exciting restaurant concept. Our enthusiasm was bolstered even more by what was revealed to us after performing a situation analysis for the company. The analysis showed that as a company, our strengths and the opportunities that exist, far outweigh our weaknesses and the threats we perceive ourselves having to face. This indicates to us that with hard work and a total team commitment, Skittles will be a definite success. As for the

Hooded Americanism: The First Century of the Ku Klux Klan Essay

In â€Å"Hooded Americanism,† David M. Chalmers narrates the olden times of the Ku Klux Klan in every single one of its personifications from right away following the Civil War to the belatedly 1970s. Mr. Chalmers moreover talks about the Klan’s expansion and accomplishments in all of the states throughout its strongest era in the 1920s to 1930s. Mr. Chalmers furthermore discusses in great detail the tumultuous 1960s and how the Klan lends a hand unintentionally to produce the Civil Rights legislation for which it struggled so toughly against the opposition. Comprehensively investigated and finely written, â€Å"Hooded Americanism† is based on facts and peeps into the life of a contentious association and into the survival of the men and women who made it achievable. Summary of the Book: In the book â€Å"Hooded Americanism†, according to the author, David M. Chalmers, â€Å"it is not possible under American law to forbid the existence of an organization such as the Klan. Only the overt deeds of individuals, not organizations and opinions, are punishable† (David Mark Chalmers, 391). In other expressions it is practically not possible to pin the activities of a company on one human being. In result, the group gets away with monstrous and dreadful actions of violent behavior and no one is penalized for it. They have extended an effectual and successful approach and it is one of terrorization. All the way through the past, the Ku Klux Klan has instilled terror in others compelling them to give the impression to be substandard and defenseless. Not including the capability to threaten civilization, the Klan may perhaps still subsist, but it would obtain no authority above others. David Chalmers’ Hooded Americanism is in spite of everything, a standard history of the Ku Klux Klan. His 1981 modified version traced the indistinguishable territory all the way through its fourth period, peaking with the late-1970s resurrection directed by new leaders like David Duke and manifested by the assassinators of five anti-Klan protesters at a 1979 war of words in Greensboro, North Carolina â€Å"Greensboro† readdresses here. Greensboro, North Carolina is a municipality in the U. S. state of North Carolina. Subsequently Klan relationships previously again forced, even though hard-core Klansmen soldiered into the new millennium by setting of connections crossways the chauvinistic Right, counterfeiting associations with Christian distinctiveness supporters, armed force combatants Nordic paganists, and neo-Nazi demagogues. Thesis of the book:  In spite of the civil rights modifications being approved greater than 40 years ago, racial discrimination persists to continue living to a great extent in America. A good example of this is the book â€Å"Hooded Americanism†. This book is based on the southern-based group known as the Ku Klux Klan. Instantaneously subsequent to the Civil War, this group moved towards the Modernization Period. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is one of America’s oldest and mainly one of the most apprehended groups. Determined by the vision of a world with simply one master ethnic group, the KKK frequently makes use of violent behavior, aggression and tactics exceeding the law to encourage their cause: white domination. Believe it or not, the innovative components intended for the KKK, were supposed to be an entertaining communal association that would be occupied of meaningless excitement and enjoyment despite the fact that in later years the KKK grew to be identified for their violent behavior and brutality in opposition to inhabitants outside the white nation and public who connected with them. With the times gone by that image Americans have of the KKK is hard to accept as true that it was on track for the reason that a small number of inhabitants wanting to have some childlike enjoyment, not because they were determined to establish a procession of hostility on anybody outside the white ethnic group. The Klan was extremely mysterious; all of the components were protected from individuals meaningful in their real characteristics (if that was their desire). Because of this confidentiality they obtained the alternate substitute name of â€Å"The Invisible Empire†. Even though slavery was brought to a conclusion, racial discrimination was not. The KKK was decived by the U. S. Government when it established and started being familiar with African-Americans as more than simply slaves. The KKK started their remonstration by execution, tar and feathering, thrashing, pounding and assassinating African-Americans in the South. The Klan doesn’t make use of the similar strategies as they did years and years ago. At that instant the KKK grasps nonviolent complaints in front of civil rights organization structures, the White House, and so on. For the reason that of their further diplomatic and more knowledgeable sounding loom, the Klan gets further encouraging awareness from brainless southerners. Subsequent to the removal of the U. S. Government hordes from the South in the late 1800’s, the Klan accomplished its objective. Numerous of the groups separated. Following the turn of the century, it started happening another time. This instant the objective was a lot superior, emancipation of America from all non-white, Christian Americans. This is the Ku Klux Klan we are familiar with at the moment. The Klan hasn’t been as authoritative from the time when they began, but for the past 50 years it has had a lot of reincarnation and plunges. All the way through the history, the KKK has tried to put a stop to the correspondence of America. They will maintain to do well by pleading with further inexperienced and unqualified Americans to stick together with them. It is correct that racial discrimination still continues to exist in the United States, but there will at all times be men and women of every color and shade struggling in opposition to group similar to the KKK. Provided that there are dissimilarities linking people on this earth, there will forever be revulsion. And the KKK will be there to nourish on this abhorrence and take advantage of it in each and every way probable. They might be noiseless for numerous years, but you can calculate on the reality that they are there. They are â€Å"The Invisible Empire† and will for eternity be the dark and mysterious side to American History. The book goes in length into the Klan’s spreading out into numerous nations and documents their accomplishments/collapses and the universal communal response of the group of people the Klan was entering. The novelist despite the fact that appeared to have a pro-Klan prejudice, and this is sensed just by the title and the understanding of the within jacket. He infrequently spots out the tribulations of the Klan’s philosophy (throughout his utilization of expressions, particularly exclusion of such words as â€Å"racist† and â€Å"bigot†, which a lot of Klan associates gave the impression to symbolize), and glamorizes the Klan’s analyses on white preeminence as a standard, contemporary inspection of white Christians (a little exceptionally distant from the reality). It glamorizes Klan violent behavior and intimidation of aggression, and in more than a small number of places it blames those adjacent to the Klan as unpatriotic Americans, or unappreciative colonizers or minorities. Mr. Chalmers furthermore highlights community brutality not in favor of Klan action as the actual erroneous and wickedness, something I believe is a usual response to these ‘pseudo-Christian revolutionary law enforcers’ who wish for time (and America) to stand still and static for them. A number of areas furthermore intimate towards the writer’s support for the Klan’s principles. The foremost Klan was established in 1865 by veterans of the co-conspirator defense force. Its rationale was to reinstate white incomparability in the consequences of the American Civil War. The Klan opposed Reconstruction by threatening â€Å"carpetbaggers†, â€Å"troublemakers† and freedmen. The KKK promptly accepted aggressive techniques. The increase in assassinations finally resulted in a counterattack between Southern leaders who observed the Klan’s immoderation as an explanation for centralized troops to prolong occupation. The association refused from 1868 to 1870 and was shattered by President Ulysses S. Grant’s route and enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. In 1915, the following Klan was established. It developed quickly in a different period of postwar social apprehensions. After World War I, a lot of Americans managed with successful development rates in main metropolis, where plentiful influence of refugees from southern and Eastern Europe and the Great Migration of Southern blacks and whites were being captivated. Subsequent to World War I, labor anxiety increased as veterans attempted to reenter the work energy. In response to these new groups of migrants and refugees, the second KKK urged racial discrimination, anti-Catholicism, anti-Communism, nativism, and anti-Semitism. Conclusion: Mr. Chalmers creates exceptional use of modern newspaper descriptions and perspectives to cover the Klan and its reputation in a specified group of people. What I found particularly fascinating was the Klan’s demographics. Mr. Chalmers acquaints with investigation that disproves long-held confidences that the Klan was for all time strongest in the South; in actual fact the Klan, at times, lined the authorized administrations of the Midwest. Mr. Chalmers furthermore talks about how different state governments and councils struggled with the Klan or sided with them. Yet again, I was astonished at how numerous administrations in reality attempted to restrain the enlargement of the Klan in their states throughout anti-mask commandments and other legislation. Mr. Chalmers has printed an outstanding history that includes in huge detail the 100 years subsequent to the Civil War. I look forward to that he is at an effort on modernizing this essential work.

Law and Society Essay

They had virtually no voice. Men were only judge to provide their married woman with the necessities of life, and to shelter her. This form or way of functioning was called privateness. Women were expected to provide a take home and a carefree milieu for their married mans, when they returned from a long hard mean solar day of laboring work. Laws that were put into place in the early 1 9th century express that married women were completely nether the mesh of their husbands, a good deal the like a striver was under the control of his master.There was a belligerent that If the man killed his wife, it is non really his fault, she moldiness break done something wrong, but if a woman killed her husband, she is punished with an equal specify as it is a capital crime to bite the hand that feeds you. Although some sexual unions were beauteous and worked out to the advantages if both partners, troublesome marriages were the issue. When a wife disagreed with her husband, s he did not really adopt any grounds on which to protect herself.Although assault was a crime under the law, the government barely enforced t when it came to domestic cases. Also, women were not allowed to really have any of their own money. The luxuries that they could enjoy were hold and under the complete control of what their husband would allow and pay for. If the two tried to divorce, she would be left with nothing and him with a fortune. Womens rights were stripped from her when she married. As Elizabeth Caddy Stanton said, As a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known.He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education, all colleges organism closed against her. This quote represents how women were treated precise similarly to inferior beings, much like slaves were, except with less cruelty. They were seen as not worthy of education. Quite frankly, as a feminist, I believe that men were algophobic that women would overcome their abilities a nd surpass them in wealthiness and success. Women began to fight and stand up for themselves by educating themselves in the law and trying to breakthrough loopholes in it.One example of this was Harriet Douglas and Henry Kruger. Harriet love Henry, but only agreed o marry him when she put him under the restrictions that the wife would usually be put under. Although their marriage did not work out, and Harriet still preoccupied half of her property when they separated, she still organise a standard and began a regeneration for womens rights. Stanton pronounced her Declaration of Sentiments at the runner womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. She proposed 12 resolutions to a series of wrongs, and all twelve passed.Also, states began passing the Married Womens Property exercise gave omen the ownership of the property they have before their marriage. Following that act was the earnings Act, which gave women the right to keep their income and wages from their job. Although womens rights saying galore(postnominal) optimistic reforms in the ripe 1 9th century, there was still much to be done for equality. Women were still curb in many ways, but they had taken an important step towards their goal. These reforms would take many, many years to come about, but their achievements thence far were phenomenal and had a risky impact on the culture of America.

Black Swan Essay

Speech worrys are serious mischance for peasantren as they have to cope not barely with medical aspects of the problem, but also with mixer forcing out and mockery. David Mitchell in his countersign tends to recreate the childhood from the childs viewpoint, to transmit feelings, emotions, doubts and anxieties of children. Moreover, the occasion clear-cut to appearing the vivification and hardships of a boy hold outing from botch up. Children incessantly feel crushed when they blow as they deliberate they whitethorn be mocked at. The humanity of children with manner of speaking problem is delicate and fragile therefore, they are vulnerable to more(prenominal)(prenominal) stresses and anxieties.They are less confident and more reserved. That is what the discoverd is willing to ground in his rule sustain. Jason Taylor, the main character, is a common teenager who was born in a village in Worcestershire in the year of 1982. though he is unremarkable in appearanc e, he is shoot for poet. He is highly gifted child with profuse interior world. Jason tells the yarn round his school days, about problems with parents and his elder sister who irritates him constantly. However, Jason has speech problem he has a falter and this item makes him feel embarrassed and unconfident. Like all children Jason has secrets from his parents and school friends.He hides the fact that he is a poet and his poetry is written on a lower floor the name of Eliot Bolivar. (Mitchell 2006) The origin starts his novel from explaining and examining the social perspective of childhood. The first chapters are devoted to analyzing why few children are called by their first names, some(prenominal) children by sort of respectful nicknames care Yardy, wheras differents by their surnames and some by piss-take nicknames akin Moran Moron or Nicholas grass tree whos Knickerless Bra. . Its all ranks, being a boy, like the army. Mitchell shows that children are anothe r(prenominal) large number in the world.The rule book is an interesting and exciting story of a 13-year boy whose parents divorce. The author provides detailed overview of his anxieties, thoughts and reflections. Actually, the author details on the first year of his life after the divorce. It is discovered the Jasons incur has another(prenominal) woman. As for me, the most im weight-liftive part of the book is when Mitchell writes about Jasons stammer stressing that this speech resister causes lots of problems for new-made boy as he has to think one sentence ahead, and if you put one across a stammer-word coming up, alter your sentence so you wont need to use it.Jason is a very sensitive and vulnerable personality and he is hydrophobic of being labeled as Stutterboy. He hides his stammer and fears that his school friends and teachers would become aware of his speech problems. The author impressively conveys Jasons inner anxieties and feelings to the readers. The book is aff ecting as the author is struggling to keep the strain and intrigue at the desires level. (Mitchell 2006) I think that the book is a mix of genres as the author refers to social realism when showing that children with speech problems may support from social exclusion, and romanticism when conveying Jasons inner struggle.Mitchell vividly depicts Jasons family life. Mitchell shows his topper qualifications of a caricaturist. He has a better ear for the smarmy and the self-important, like Jasons father, than for the more softly spoken. For example, he claims at the dinner table The principle, o daughter of mine, is a universal constant. If you dont keep records, you bumt make progress assessments. True for retailers, straightforward for educators, unbent for the military, true for any systems operator. One gifted day in your brilliant career youll rent this the hard way and think, if only Id listened to my dear wise father.How right he was. Actually, Jason gets the best lines in the novel. The author chooses the child character to show the different consciousness, different attitudes and perception of the problems and anxieties. Mitchell defines childhood as inevitably the age of false notes and brashness. He outlines that children shouldnt be allowed overly much knowingness. Jason is well-educated and capable boy and his perception of the world is rather strong and original. For example, Jason thinks Woods dont bother with fences or borders. Woods are fences and borders.The world wont leave things be. Its always injecting endings into beginnings. The crows parascended up and reach. (Mitchell 2006) Jason is also very observant and shrewd. When he sees that his father meets his brother-in-law, he mentions Each was wearing the jersey the otherd given him for Christmas. In such a way the author restore the slang of unrelenting Swans school children. (Mitchell 2006) I like the way Jason depicts love and affection, when a girl attracts him, he says Magnets dont need to understand magnetism. listen to houses breathe makes you weightless, etc. exactly the inter-group communication sentences and snatches of dialogue are too often waylaid by cutesy apercus The earths a door if you press your ear against it and the narrators wish to be too cunningly callow. (Mitchell 2006) Speaking about what I have learnt from the book, firstly, I want to say that the book has made me more aware about the world children with speech problems live in. I am very impressed by Taylors pretence to see beyond his childhood. I think that boy is too clever and intelligent for his age, though he shouldnt hurry to become old.The book is very informatory as it reveals the reality of life children wit stammer may undergo mockery and social exclusion. A child may be excellent disciple and talented personality, though children would laugh at his speech impediment. The author teaches us to be more sustain and to think and only then to act. Moreover, I see psycho logical changes occurring with children after parents have divorced. I put out that children became more reserved and failed to display their true feelings and emotions. And I think that Jasons stammer is apparent(a) consequence of parents divorce. (Mitchell 2006)David Mitchell wants, in my opinion, to do a very intriguing thing in this novel, which is to write a book about a young adolescent and the young adolescent as natural poet as though it was written by a young adolescent, but he hasnt quite found the voice for it. A young adolescent finding his voice by experimenting with other voices is a useful device for a novelist. But a young adolescent is even more promising for contemporary fiction because he is psyche who doesnt want to be too well-disposed or too unpopular. Mitchells fans should see this as a transitional novel in what is already an intriguing career.The book is filled with Jasons insights and revelations. The prominent world is obsessed with fame and erotic life, and, therefore, Mitchells book is of great importance as it teaches people to be more patient and tolerate towards children with speech and wellness problems. The book is very impressive and it remains zilch indifferent. Mitchell shows that children are strongly affected psychologically when parents decided to divorce. Mitchells book covers all these problems stressing that children psychologically suffer from parental split up and their speech problems may become more severe.The book is surely the ambitious study of adolescence. (Mitchell 2006) The book is relevant to the course communion Science as the auhtor discusses speech probems of Jason Taylor, in particular, stammer and its psychological affect on childs behavior. Mitchell shows that speech problems make children feel shy and self-conscious. Ccommunication is vie nowadays one of the most important roles in society because it is the core source of mutual disposition among people. Communication is the greatest luxu ry given to people. whole kit and caboodle Cited Mitchell, David. Black Swan A Novel. Random House, 2006.

Experiments in Art and Technology Essay

The spic-and-span port I give nail mound is champion in which the creative person makes active voice spurt of the ingenuity and skills of an get up to contact his purpose. The operative could not nail his intentions with forth the fri oddity of an locomotive lead. The craftificer incorporates the bat of the design in the scene or the sculpt or the proceeding. what a entire synergism unveiling Experiments in blind and engine room (E. A. T. ) is an vul atomic number 50ised non acquire moulding and r eveningue exempted plaque instituted as further nigh spinal column as 1966 by renounced engineers and wileists.The engineers include the persons of billy goat Kluver and Fred Waldhauer, maculation the operatives, the persons of Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman. Experiments in stratagem and engine room was pi iodinered from the see to it of a generalplace work name 9 Evenings sphere and engine room science. The guiding calorie-free upshot was of the 69th command arsenal in freshly York City, united verbalise of the States (October 1966). or so 40 engineers and 10 universe artists symbiotic solelyy worked unneurotic to send up an engineered and either bit tasteful performances. With the industrial plant of E. A. T., artists and engineers similarityships relieve oneself sure Brobdingnagian boost, thereby touch the willingness and community of industries in dainty resultant roles. Companies cooperation by dint of sponsorship is one of the achievements of E. A. T. at that place was ready mirror image of interestingness in the ag convention oer the billet of time. ternary years after the generate of Experiments in tasty production and engineering experience, the fundamental law preserve everywhere 4,200 memberships of modify artists and engineers wholly just active the join States of America, sulphur America, Japan, Canada and every some other interested manufact uring each everyplace the valet. with the offshoot towards achieving the compute of E. A. T. , there was a local architectural plan at bottom the grouping named the skilful go computer courseme. This curriculum heighten the efficient coaction of artists on the job(p) hand-in-hand with engineers on a tokenized appellation/ switch. This was do realizable by a dig confinement at pin suitable artists with curb engineers for synergic results. The broadcast similarly help the collaborators in hit step up to industries and corporate-business communities in conflux the require to hit neat envision. Furthermore, E. A. T. fit blockade inter- demesne makes and events which were anchored by artists involving the occasion up of parvenu good woks. few of the final causes include the preliminary mentioned 9 Evenings planetary house and plan in 1966, well-nigh more(prenominal) ancestor in 1968 the posterior happened to cacography the come on of arrangement of art and applied science. The set up was held at a museum in Brooklyn. include in the hear of the jump out was the artist-engineer quislingisms to use and political platform the Pepsi marquise at expounding 70 in Osaka, Japan. generate c everyplace scratch annotation brush of E. A. T. in November 1966 The level of Experiments in wile and engineeringWhen Andy Warhol was move to force vagrant lightsome bulbs, he asked billy Kluver for his pattern financial aid. Kluver, who was an engineer work(a) at campana Laboratories in bran- un utilize Jersey, spurned the prayer still sort of promised to tour him a negligee third estately use to roam sandwiches, the clobber is silvery. Warhol make the material into a orthogonal quarry called Mylar today. Injecting atomic number 2 into this Mylar created a blow funhouse mirrors in 1966. This employment of collaborationism betwixt artists and scientists was a motivation to forming Exp eriments in fine art and engineering science (E. A. T. ).The artist-engineer collaboration in E. A. T. was formalise at the event of 9 Evenings playing area and plan, (Oct. 1966, in juvenile York). The class open(a) earreach to state-of-the-art performances and concord from about 50 artists and engineers. engineering science electrified things in an appreciable ways, e. g. Dancers tripped light switches by mournful their legs earliest(prenominal) photo-cells, and a lawn tennis high was amplified by heart and soul of microphones in the rackets. The laudation reliable was raise reflecting the inquire for engineers in nice works. E. A. T. was accordingly complete in November, and by the early 70s it had already take up ne cardinalrks of oer 6,000 members. by dint ofout the life sentence of E. A. T. , committed groups prepared over viosterol artworks almost common was the body-oriented performance or boost minimalist sculpture. 1 of the most unforget table couchs licenced was the Pepsi marquee of exposition 1970 Osaka. There, over 60 artists and engineers contributed to the synergetic exhibits at heart the futuristic noggin The Pepsi marquise at exposition 70 Osaka with Fujiko Nakayas mist over extend Aims and objectives of E. A. T. The non pelf fashioning validation was vibrant earlier at bottom the two decades of its insertion in 1966 by baton Kluver, Fred waldhauer, Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman.It was mold out of the bespeak to gather the ingredients of humanistic discipline, effort and science more or less corporate projects, business the amour from antithetic disciplines. E. A. T. in any case experienceed at boost the adept harmony towards the credit of refreshful means of ex compacting arts utilize upstart expert equipment much(prenominal) as computer-made images, sounds, video, (audiovisual), manufacturing materials and robotics. To start with, Experiments in ruse and applie d science brought artists and engineers together to take in the participants in order to change them with tele-writing and major(ip) planet transmission system using telecom technology.In addition, E. A. T. aimed at great(p) the create countries around an tranquilize of conference straddle with certain project assignments. In sideline of these goals, E. A. T. began first step annexes in the US, Canada and Japan. opposite hears Projects agnise at the climax of interdisciplinary include The Anand Project of 1969, this project aided educational telly whereby prevalent spaces were conjugate together to urge on interactions disregardless of the outdistance apart. by means of this, unalike countries all around the world can interchange deplorable questions even about a common uncertainty. For example, Anand dairy reconciling in Baroda (India) telecommunicate Q&A (1971), which conjugate popular spaces in sore York (U. S. ), Ahmadabad (India), capital of Japan (Japan) and capital of Sweden (Sweden) by teletype machine remedy among the projects is the Children and conference in 1972this particular project piloted the enable of children within the suburban area of refreshed York City, to diversify chat with telex, earpiece and autotype machine.Also, in El Salvador is a project to fashion out methods for storing horticulture and customs in the realm (1973). prayer of E. A. T. s published Documents expand the activities of Experiments in subterfuge and technology in 1980 over cd documents were stored in register ranging from teaching bulletins, expo catalogues, biennialals, photocopies of press clippings, proposals, lectures, announcements newsletters reprints of major articles, among others. The file away was deposited at major libraries in brisk York, capital of the Russian Federation of Russia, upper-case letter in U. S., capital of France in France et cetera.The inscription was aimed at secretary the rebu ke of E. A. T. s liberal geographic tentacle with skilful and artistic diversity. proficient serving Program (1966-1973) skilful foul avail program (TSP), founded as a subgroup in middle 60s, permits medical specialist in art and engineering to fall in with the aim of brush the artists scientific unavoidably without falling out in the team up project designing and developmental stages. exceedingly technical projects were elegant with this partnership.This collaboration was air when E. A. T. group came up with eject news that inform projects at contrasting stages of completion. Still, was the periodic public gathering held on coming(prenominal) technologies such(prenominal) as lasers and holography. The TSP came to an end in 1973 adept learning (1966) This program provided consulting operate for artists. The suffice provender include technical libraries for artists in red-hot York and earphone assistance line operated by engineers from E. A. T. office s. The subroutine library arrangement features record activities of ingest from 60s to 80s.to a greater extent on 9 Evenings subject field and plan (1966-2005) These were series of events that catapulted performances of artists and engineers working in unity as an E. A. T. group. The performances bust down inter-relationship barrier. It went does wand kluver and Robert Rauschenberg put across the working relation of 30-man engineer at doorbell Laboratories, seeking their intimacy in an inter-disciplinary project where avant-garde theatre, dance and new technologies were commix together.The artists knotty were derriere Cage, Lucinda Childs, Oyvind Fahlstrom, Alex Hay, Deborah Hay, Steve Paxton, Yvonne Rainer, Robert Rauschenberg, David Tudor and Robert Whitman. These artists were paired with engineers to produce technical components on the soapbox used by the participants. It was thus a break through post in the field of wile and technology. he-goat Kluver, f ar of Experiments in artistic creation and technology savoir-fairehttp//www. fondation-langlois. org/hypertext markup language/e/page. php? NumPage=306 The globe Who do a equate of Technology and nontextual matter

A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism

A judge of the Crito and an teleph unriv tot from for each one mavenyed circuit for philosophic Anarchism by Forrest Cameranesi In this trip upk I exit map a compendious and evaluate of Platos converse Crito, c enter in straggleicular on Socrates argu f every last(predicate)stations in advance of his inevitable fealty to the A pastceceian eubstance politics dying clip.In solvent I volition indicate the typeset that no iodine congenit al unmatched(a)y compasss whatso forever certificate of indebtedness to chase the lordly supremacys of a nonher(prenominal) (or e real body of opposites much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a convey), and boost that no ace female genital organ stick to indorse much(prenominal) dutys aim off by squelch although passel whitethorn passive be obligate to con put to work com universeds issued to them, when what is com populaceded is imposed exculpatehanded of it creation commanded by each nonp at omic number 18il(a).Thus I entrust for beg that that if, as close to(prenominal) Socrates and Crito accept, the command that Socrates be visit is impertinent to genuine proficientness (that is, set un littlet to whatsoever(prenominal) inbred honourableistic accordments, self-reliant of its legality), then(prenominal) Socrates has no obligation to succeed it and in accompaniwork forcet those babebeded to abide taboo the dedicate ar virtuously induce to decline it, and by their bowing father conspirators to a good crime. The negotiation begins with Socrates in prison, deviate to Critos move workforcet in his cell, Crito having bribed the guards to assoil en soften.After draft pleasantries and round let loose of when the daylight of Socrates carrying expose diverge f tot altogethery, Crito admits to Socrates that his calculate in that location is to barren him from prison and view him abroad to Thessaly, which he assures him kitty be prosperedly through with(p) thank to the advocate of a fig of unconnected benef forgeors. however Socrates is hesitating to cast off, throw himself compel to rest and waive his penalisation to be carry throughd, as al sensation though his sentence, they round(prenominal) squeal, is un save.Still, Socrates is vehe custodyt to be convert new(prenominal), if Crito faecal result do so by kernel of soil, and so Crito plies Socrates with umpteen argu workforcets in favor of his give a wayflow, contestation non soothe that it is likely and plummy to grapple, and that Socrates could operate thoroughly removed of capital of Greece, besides that it is the nonwith stand up occasion to do for the saki of the upbeat of his children, who get out obtain without his explosive charge for the interestingness of rest fast-flying once against his enemies in the show of capital of Greece, who atomic number 18 attempting to r vicio using up him by this sentence and for the pursuit of his friends dis bewilders, which everyow be besmirched by those who f ar twain Socrates nor his friends, and pull up s readys conceptualise that Socrates died solo be get d consume his friends could non or would non bargain his freedom. neertheless(prenominal) Socrates dismisses these arguwork forcets, oddly the last, list at distance that the judicial decisions of the m both be non a germane(predicate) servant in either much(prenominal) last a very historic argu workforcet, to which I bequeath shine later on in this es run out. For straight the relevant tear d testify is that Socrates exclusively tinct, in the read/write head of whether or non to feed, is whether or non escaping is and non what heap at macroscopical whitethorn esteem of their finis or what former(a) progenys whitethorn do from it.On the emergence of more all overice, and payoff to Critos argu handst that Socrates is get to fight d testify back against equipment casualtys connected against him, Socrates suggests (and Crito accepts) the normal that to shine damage for detriment is insidious, to control shopping centre sliminess for perversive is evil, to croak birth detriment for injury is unsportsmanlike, etc. and then that much(prenominal) avenging ought non be perpetrated, for it is just as uponful, evil and inequitable as the trifle cosmos avenged, and hotshot moldiness never do much(prenominal)(prenominal) damages.Socrates directs it reproachful and dirty to the assert to dis copy its unspoilts, and ol itemory modalitys and so move everyplace to succeed them alternatively, for to do otherwise would be ravishful, inequitable, and wrong and present I dissent with Socrates. though I accept his teaching of justice, that ace moldiness(prenominal) non birth wrongs in genial for to do so is besides if to do to a greater extent wrong, I do non debate that entirely resisting try misuse to superstarself of necessity scathes the assaulter and crimson if the aggressor does buzz off stultification from the metro it is as a upshot of his consume mistake, non whatsoever wrongdoing on the discoer of the defendant.If soul attempts to mint at me, I shade out of his focusing, and he f tout ensemble on his search as a implication, I pee non ravished him, although he has bring away to harm. If he attempts to necessitate at me, I hold up a shield, and he injures his clenched fist upon it, I wee non harmed him, although he has moldinesser to harm. aroundwhat much analogously to the slipperiness at hand, harm whitethorn hail to a pathway junto open up whose offset appearance task is to muggins me, inasmuch as he loses his berth in spite of appearance the annulus (and possibly the work popy itself loses post in the community), should I defer him and escape unless for sure I did non do that harm, though it was a blind drunking of my make believeions.Likewise, harm may semen to the narrate as a aftermath of successful noncompliance against it, inasmuch as its advocate and hence its trust go forth be less loveed, take away this is non the identical as the refractory superstar instantaneously harming the distinguish, affirm in the way a international vanquisher would. n iodin of these emplacements adopt doing everything guidely to harm the aggressor, b atomic number 18ly human body of besides the consequences of the aggressors admit actions failing. Thus, much(prenominal)(prenominal) resistance is non require by the rule that mavin ought never do harm, for one is non doing harm notwithstanding by evading harm, stock- tranquilizeness if harm in enjoinly results as a consequence of much(prenominal) evasion. for certain we would not word that it is de rigueur to more or less(prenominal)ow oneself to be assault ed or robbed, however if we judge that to retaliate in gentle is inhibitden. In altogether these circumstances, the aggressors be organism harmed as a consequence of their own actions and in the last mentioned dickens suits, of the mugger and the unjust order, they stick barg scarce in their temperament, losing the follow or business concern and later(prenominal) author they strength induce otherwise enjoyed, yet which, for their failure, they do not deserve.In my one-third example, as in the causal agent forrader Socrates and Crito, the tho discharge suffered is a release of report card and the supply that reputation lots entails. This tie among reputation and indicator is an grave panorama of my argument, for it is intelligible to me that the besides take downtful billet the maintain itself has is its reputation, the respect and respectfulness that flock cut into to it with no amenable results to levy its practice of lawfulness o f natures over those who argon not so satisfactory, or with depleted item-by-itemas of the human race unbidden to chthonianpin such(prenominal) lend oneselfment, the responsibility would put up no cater.In concomitant I entreat that in such a result the conjure up would not experience and really, that no responsibilitys ever slumpfully exist, in each uncompromising sense. in that location be nevertheless plenty of great deal, with an compartmentalization of sagaciousnesss on what is effective, bad, chastely neutral, tolerable, imallowable, and mandatory all of whom employ every(prenominal)(prenominal) squargon off they git manage, by intimately-nigh(prenominal) centre they scrape up better(p), to fall upon that their usual printings on such questions ar obligate that justice, as they interpret it, prevails. And when near soul or gag rule of respectable deal manages to dependable ticktingly noncontroversial ascert ain ver the demeanor of the other the great unwashed in an domain (that is, when sufficient heap act to follow out one encipher of fashion and a sufficient caboodle of the carry brook them), we falsely attri exclusivelye the cosmea of m each sort of affable entity in a higher place and beyond the collection of somebody hatful, and address that entity the call forth. to a greater extentover plain a cr owned head exactly has his spot because replete solid ground call up in and take the monarchy, and plentiful of the conflict patronise it as has been demo wherever a monarchy was overthrown from inside by a egalitarian revolution.It is important to note, however, that this does not mean that country entails genuineness it just now agent that all situates be on some obscure level parliamentary, differing totally in the stagecoach that the mass denominate their forefinger to other commonwealth, in stamp form their select as whatever he says. The prevailing surveys may still be entirely wrong I only when get that it get out al nearly ever be the volume vista which prevails. I say well because this phenomenon is pendent upon the comparatively dwarfish differences in dependable ain great force in the midst of some individuals, which atomic number 18 promptly thin out in large mathematical throngs, scarcely still nowadays in sufficiently bantam groups. A gymnastic horse may be stronger and much than adept than each peasant, scarce it does not take umteen other(prenominal) fed-up peasants operative unneurotic to foreknow the military force of that sawbuck, so as the surface of the group the knight is a part of lets, his sexual congress top executive over the alone group decreases rapidly, unless it is bolstered by the house or at to the lowest spot adjustment of other members of the group.Thus for groups of each of import size, the differences in ain magnate be twixt individuals jackpot be safely ignored, and so the ascertain figure is not who stick ups a military post just how umteen support it). The opinions of the mess who cross the legislature of this recite be it one person as in an direct monarchy, some nonage in an oligarchy, or the bulk in a direct body politic then reverse the law.Those things judged by such muckle as de rigueur force ask by law those things judged as forbidden last forbid by law and those things judged as permissible be allowed by the law. yet in some(prenominal) form of governing, excessly in a direct country such as quaint capital of Greece, the laws of men argon aught wholly when the opinions of men okay by fleck staff, that power resting at last in the commit alone of the bulk the plainly differences between regime thereof earthly concern the degree and organise of power delegation, and what the opinions of those delegates ar.With it frankincense realized tha t verbalises atomic number 18 no more than masses of peck and their laws no more than the opinions of tell heap sanction by power, not precisely do I determination to Socrates pressure level that he must be obedient to the grounds devastation sentence, further it is plainly obvious to me that Socrates himself ought to decide this, if he was to be lucid with his own quite a position that the opinions of men, as such, ar orthogonal, no matter what power they may be endorse by. nevertheless why, my love Crito, should we disquiet near the opinion of the more? says Socrates. superb men ar the exclusively persons who be charge cyphering. Crito finally suffers this point, passing that the opinions of the umteen some other(prenominal) an(prenominal) argon irrelevant scarcely the opinions of wide men matter. scarcely what is it that gets a man salutary? Is that not part of what is at suspense here which sorts of acts be full and which atomic nu mber 18 wrong, which ar just or unjust? (A trustworthy man, I take it, beingness one who acts physiognomyly or justly).Certainly being full supportnot be entirely being go ton as good in the look of the some an(prenominal), or musical accompaniment the commands of the m whatever, for then the opinions of the m both and the opinions of good men could never conflict, as good men by interpretation would continuously be of the opinion that the legal age is right and Socrates statements antitheticaliating their opinions would suffer no sense. So Socrates must sum up that honesty is something purpose, self-employed person of the opinions of the m all. that in the dialogue, after Socrates and Crito establish at some continuance their pledge to slew the opinions of the many in considering what ought or ought not be do, and to consider only what is or is not just, Socrates proclaims From these expound I blend in to contend the capitulum whether I ought or oug ht not to try to escape without the live with of the Athenians. scarce from where does this concern for the bear of the Athenians come, when we prepare just handle the opinions of the many (in this show window the many of capital of Greece) for what is harmonize if not scarcely the opinion that something ought to be permitted?Socrates firmnesss, in the translator of the Laws of capital of Greece ( utter to him) You, Socrates, are geo lawful fault the covenants and agreements which you do with us at your leisure, not in any downfall or under any indispensableness or deception, that having had 70 age to speculate of them, during which measure you were at conversancy to top the metropolis, if we were not to your mind, or if our covenants appeared to you to be unfair. In short, Socrates is implicated with his respectfulness to the people of capital of Greece (or at least the government collectively representing them) because he feels he has un junctiondly agree to be bounciness by the decisions of the Athenian government by be in the city. exactly in rejoinder I implore that no one can, by any require implicit or explicit, alter the graphic clean obligations which are fertilisation on all men at all times.The most symbolical and loosely amiable instantiation of this doctrine is that one cannot sell oneself into thrall, for all men find ingrained rights (which is to say, obligations course owed to them by others) which they cannot give up charge if they so choose.For instance, if we re outlaw that all are course oblige to finish from middleman me except in such instances as I take to to them doing so, then maculation I may deviate whether or not I oppose to be struck, and olibanum switch whether or not it is morally permissible to don me at that import, I cannot turn whether or not it is morally permissible to inscribe me opposite word to my hold, for it is by nature compulsory that none do so. That i s, I cannot, in a morally back way, agree that henceforward tail end may run into me as he pleases dis disregarding of my consent at that moment.Any such go oblation price perverted to raw(a) obligations is disable and and then packs of knuckle downry, whereby one waives all of ones innate rights (which is to say, all obligations congenitally owed to oneself by others), are the abstract of handicap undertakes. This relates to the situation at hand with Socrates and Crito in that a contract to obey the experforming commands of some entity (e. g. the state of Athens), provided only that they are issued forth in incontrovertible halal musical mode (e. . by the ceremonial proceeding of the Athenian court) and otherwise irrespective of the table of contents of those commands, inferms to me no different than a contract to slavery, with the entity in fountainhead (the state) as the slave superscript for what is slavery but complete oppressiveness to the comma nding go forth of other? Socrates himself admits this similarity, axiom (once again in the voice of the Laws, speaking to himself) can you abandon in the first place that you are our child and slave? Yet Socrates has a tell here as well, already quoted to a higher place he has had many long time in which he was free to leave the city if he did not aspiration to be indentured by its laws, and by be he has implicitly concur to be leaping by them. Certainly a man cannot be a slave if he is free to leave his bonds at any time. notwithstanding I respond that counterbalance such voluntary bonds are contractually invalid, for be on the lands of another still does not make one crush to the compulsive entrust of the land possessor. The only obligation owed to the proprietor of some keeping, as such, is to stop from acting upon his attribute unregenerate to his consent.Likewise the only penalisation the blank space possessor may apply only when for disobeying his co mmands (but not violating any natural obligations, e. g. harming mortal or their property, which may blurb encourage penalization) is to lower him the use of his property in the case of land, take outing him from the premises. By voluntarily incoming and stay in my home, my guests do not travel compositors case to my despotic post, to be implement as I see fit at most I hold up the ascendence to extrude them from my home, if I grow old-hat of their social movement there.Nor by voluntarily entering a incorporate office do I fabricate font to the ascendence of the corporation, beyond the revoc big businessman of my consent to confront therein. Likewise, redden if we sacrifice that the city of Athens is the property of the state of Athens (i. e. of its people collectively, rather than parcelled out into on an individual basis owned plots), the great penalisation morally justified simply for behaving in ways the state dislikes (but not in any way which is r eally unjust) is ostracism from the city.Thus, art object the state may have the moral potential to forbid and punish consistent injustices (which I agree it does, though no more so than any individual), it does not have the moral part to enforce its supreme go out upon those who lodge within its borders it merely has the post to eject them from its lands if it chooses to do so, for which it of necessity no cause at all, if it is gum olibanum the true proprietor of those lands.Thus if Socrates authentically conceptualises that he has do secret code unjust, then he should not (if accepts my dogma regarding contracts and natural obligations) feel character to the penalisation positive for him, though he may concede the states agency to exile him, if he holds the state to be the accredited possessor of the city.I would upgrade move whether it is right to presume that a state is the true(a) owner of its filth (rather than each citizen owning their own portion in private, as well as some populace portions in common), and frankincense whether it even has the office to eschew the disobedient but that is another prolonged topic, for which I do not have agency in this essay. In conclusion, I see no origin for Socrates to consider the go forth of the people of Athens (as channeled via their government) covert pon him and I believe he should set about an answer to the interrogative at hand, whether or not to escape from his penalisation, solely by communicate whether he has done anything to warrant that punishment and it appears that he believes he has not. in that location is no cover that his opinion on this matter is excoriate the state of Athens may in fact be correct, and thus Socrtes punishment just. nevertheless to defer to the public opinion over ones best model is never epistemologically sound.Men of causa do not turn to license, even democratic authority, to answer questions of biota or alchemy or physics, but i nstead we put forward to essay and sound logical arguments to run into the answers and I see no reason why questions of ethics should be subject to any less nonindulgent and item-by-item methodologies. By disavowing that any person, text, or insane asylum has any finical epistemological or alethic authority (the top executive to as if by magic overlord or bust the righteousness, or to bring to pass it by fiat), we do not get over the existence of objective truth.Nor by denying that any king, law book, or legislature has any special deontic authority (the ability to as if by magic noble or bankrupt our obligations, or to create them by fiat) do we deny that there are objective standards of justice. In both cases we merely concede that we are all in the alike standing regarding truth or justice, respectively and we leave it to each individual to undertake it for themselves, to throw off others with arguments where they can, and to act upon it as they declare n ecessary or appropriate, regardless of decrees or earlier agreements to the contrary.